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Alto (Sejeremane Alt, Setaliana alto, ho tloha ho Latin altus - e phahameng).

1) Lentsoe la bobeli le phahameng ka ho fetisisa 'minong oa likarolo tse' nè. Ka kutloisiso ena, lentsoe "A". esale e sebelisoa ho tloha lekholong la bo15 la lilemo. Nakong e fetileng, pontšong ea mantsoe a mararo, lentsoe le neng le utloahala ka holimo, 'me ka linako tse ling le le ka tlas'a tenor, le ne le bitsoa countertenor. Ka phetoho ea lentsoe la 4, ba ile ba qala ho khetholla pakeng tsa libass tsa countertenor le countertenor, tseo hamorao li ileng tsa bitsoa alto le bass feela. Qalong ea likarolo tse 'nè tsa lipina cappella (bofelong ba lekholo la bo15 la lilemo), karolo ea viola e ne e etsoa ke banna. K'hoaereng ea likarolo tse tharo. lintlha tse ngata le mehleng ea morao (lilemo tse 16-17), ka linako tse ling karolo ea alto e ne e behoa tlhokomelong ea batho ba sebetsang ka thata.

2) Karolo ea k'hoaere kapa wok. ensemble, e etsoang ke mantsoe a tlaase a bana kapa a tlaase a basali (mezzo-soprano, contralto). Ho tloha qetellong ea lekholo la bo18 la lilemo ka libini tsa opera. lintlha Italy, 'me hamorao Fora (Grand Opera, Opera Lyric), karolo ea basali ba tlaase. mantsoe a bitsoa mezzo-soprano, kapa soprano e bohareng. Ho tloha ka nako eo, meketjana ka homogeneous basali ba. lihlopha tsa libini tsa qala ho bitsoa ka lebitso leo. mantsoe a basali: soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto. Ka wok.-symp. lipina (ntle le Requiem ea Berlioz, Rossini's Stabat mater, joalo-joalo) le libini tsa cappella, lebitso la khale, viola, le bolokiloe.

3) Linaheng tsa eona. lebitso la puo contralto.

4) Mantsoe a tlaase a bana. Qalong, mantsoe a bashanyana ba neng ba bina karolo ea A. sehlopheng sa k’hoaere a ne a bitsoa joalo, hamorao – lentsoe leha e le lefe le tlaase la bana le binang (bashanyana le banana), mofuta oa lona – (g) a – es2 (e2).

5) Seletsa se khumameng (viola ea Setaliana, Alto ea Sefora, Bratsche ea Jeremane) ea lelapa la violin, e nang le boemo bo bohareng pakeng tsa violin le cello. Ka boholo ba tse 'maloa tse kholo ho feta fiolo (bolelele ba' mele hoo e ka bang 410 mm; litsebi tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho tsa khale li ile tsa etsa li-violas ho fihlela ho 460-470 mm ka bolelele; ka 19 B. li-violin tse nyenyane li ile tsa ata - 380-390 mm ka bolelele; ho fapana le cheseho ea bona ka G. Ritter ’me hamorao L. Tertis ba ile ba hlahisa mefuta e meholoanyane, e ntse e sa fihle boholong ba A. ea khale). Haha A. karolo ea bohlano ka tlas'a fiolo (c, g, d1, a1); Karolo ea A. e arotsoe ka mahlakoreng a alto le a treble. Ho lumeloa hore violin ke sesebelisoa sa pele sa sehlopha sa violin (se hlahile qetellong ea 15th le mathoasong a lekholo la bo16 la lilemo). Molumo oa A. o fapane le oa violin ka ho teteana ha oona, molumo oa contralto bukeng e tlaase le "oboe" ea nko e batlang e le ka holimo. Etsa ka A. ka potlako botekgeniki. litemana li thata ho feta baeloneng. A. e sebelisoa ho kam. instr. ensembles (ka linako tsohle e le karolo ea quartet ea seqha), symphony. lihlopha tsa 'mino oa liletsa, hangata e le 'mino o le mong. sesebelisoa. Conc. lipapali tsa A. li qalile ho hlaha khale koana lekholong la bo18 la lilemo. (conc. symphony bakeng sa violin le viola le okhestra ea WA Mozart, likonsarete tsa J. Stamitz tsa barab'abo rōna K. le A. Stamitz, GF Telemann, JS Bach, JKF Bach, M Haydn, A. Rolls, mefuta e fapaneng ea violin le viola ke IE Khandoshkin le ba bang). Sonata bakeng sa A. o ngotse MI Glinka. Lekholong la bo20 la lilemo li-concerto le sonatas tsa A. li entsoe ke B. Bartok, P. Hindemith, W. Walton, S. Forsythe, A. Bax, A. Bliss, D. Milhaud, A. Honegger, BN Kryukov, BI Zeidman , RS Bunin le ba bang; ho na le conc. e bapalla A. le mefuteng e meng. Li-violist tse hlaheletseng: K. Uran (Fora), O. Nedbal (Czech Republic), P. Hindemith (Jeremane), L. Tertis (England), W. Primrose (USA), VR Bakaleinikov (Russia), VV Borisovsky (USSR) . Ka linako tse ling tse ling tsa li-violinists tse hlaheletseng li ne li sebetsa e le li-violists - N. Paganini, ho tloha ho li-owls. libapali tsa violin - DF Oistrakh.

6) Mefuta ea Alto ea li-orcs tse ling. liletsa tsa moea - flugelhorns (A., kapa altohorn) le saxhorns, clarinet (lenaka la basset), oboe (alto oboe, kapa lenaka la Senyesemane), trombone (alto trombone).

7) Alto mefuta e fapaneng ya domra.

References: Struve BA, Mokhoa oa ho theha li-viols le li-violin, M., 1959; Grinberg MM, lingoliloeng tsa viola ea Serussia, M., 1967; Straeten E. van der, The viola, “The Strad”, XXIII, 1912; Clarke R., Histori ea viola ka ho ngola Quartet, "ML", IV, 1923, No 1; Altmann W., Borislowsky W., Literaturverzeichnis für Bratsche und Viola d'amore, Wolfenbüttel, 1937; Thors B. le Shore B., The viola, L., 1946; Zeyringer Fr., Literatur für Viola, Kassel, 1963, Ergänzungsband, 1965, Kassel, 1966.

IG Litsvenko, L. Ya. Raaben