Giacomo Meyerbeer |

Giacomo Meyerbeer

Qetello ea J. Meyerbeer, moqapi e moholo oa opera oa lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo. – e ile ea hlaha ka thabo. O ne a sa tlameha ho iphelisa, joalo ka WA Mozart, F. Schubert, M. Mussorgsky le litsebi tse ling, hobane o hlahetse lelapeng la banka e kholo ea Berlin. Ha aa ka a sireletsa tokelo ea hae ea ho qapa bocheng ba hae - batsoali ba hae, batho ba khantšitsoeng haholo ba neng ba rata le ho utloisisa bonono, ba etsa ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e le hore bana ba bona ba fumane thuto e khanyang ka ho fetisisa. Matichere a ipabolang ka ho fetisisa Berlin a ile a kenya ka ho bona lerato la lingoliloeng tsa khale, histori le lipuo. Meyerbeer o ne a tseba Sefora le Setaliana hantle, a tseba Segerike, Selatine, Seheberu. Barab'abo rōna ba Giacomo le bona ba ne ba e-na le limpho: Hamorao Wilhelm e ile ea e-ba setsebi sa linaleli se tummeng, moena e monyenyane, ea ileng a hlokahala pele ho nako, e ne e le seroki se nang le bokhoni, mongoli oa tlokotsi ea Struensee, eo hamorao Meyerbeer a ileng ae ngolla 'mino.

Giacomo, e leng e moholo ho barab’abo rōna, o ile a qala ho ithuta ’mino a le lilemo li 5. Kaha o ne a entse tsoelo-pele e khōlō, ha a le lilemo li 9 o bapala konsarete ea sechaba e nang le ’mino oa Concerto oa Mozart ho D minor. M. Clementi ea tummeng e ba mosuoe oa hae, 'me setsebi se tummeng sa organist le setsebi sa thuto ea kelello Abbot Vogler oa Darmstadt, ka mor'a ho mamela Meyerbeer e monyenyane, o mo eletsa hore a ithute counterpoint le fugue le seithuti sa hae A. Weber. Hamorao, Vogler ka boeena o memela Meyerbeer Darmstadt (1811), moo liithuti tse tsoang hohle Jeremane li ileng tsa tla ho tichere e tummeng. Ha a le moo, Meyerbeer e ile ea e-ba motsoalle oa KM Weber, sengoli sa ka moso sa The Magic Shooter le Euryanta.

Har'a liteko tsa pele tse ikemetseng tsa Meyerbeer ke cantata "Molimo le Tlhaho" le li-operas tse 2: "Kano ea Jafeta" pale ea Bibele (1812) le pale ea metlae, e mabapi le pale ea tšōmo e tsoang "Masiu a Sekete le a le Mong" , “Moeti le Moeti” (1813). Li-opera li ile tsa bapaloa Munich le Stuttgart 'me ha lia ka tsa atleha. Bahlahlobisisi ba ile ba nyatsa moqapi ka lebaka la ho omella le ho haella ha mpho ea lipina tsa 'mino. Weber o ile a tšelisa motsoalle oa hae ea neng a oele, 'me A. Salieri ea nang le phihlelo o ile a mo eletsa hore a ee Italy ho ea bona monate le monate oa lipina tse tsoang ho beng ba eona ba baholo.

Meyerbeer o qeta lilemo tse 'maloa a le Italy (1816-24). 'Mino oa G. Rossini o busa ka mekhahlelo ea lipapali tsa Italy, lipapali tsa pele tsa li-opera tsa hae Tancred le The Barber of Seville li hlōtse. Meyerbeer o ikitlaelletsa ho ithuta mokhoa o mocha oa ho ngola. Padua, Turin, Venice, Milan, lipapali tsa hae tse ncha li etsoa - Romilda and Constanza (1817), Semiramide Recognized (1819), Emma oa Resburg (1819), Margherita oa Anjou (1820), Exile ho tloha Grenada (1822) le, qetellong, opera e hlollang ka ho fetisisa lilemong tseo, The Crusader in Egypt (1824). Ha e atlehe feela Europe, empa le USA, Brazil, likarolo tse ling tsa eona li tsebahala.

"Ke ne ke sa batle ho etsisa Rossini," ho bolela Meyerbeer mme ho bonahala a itokafatsa, "mme ke ngole ka Setaliana, joalo ka ha ba bolela, empa ke ile ka tlameha ho ngola joalo ... ka lebaka la khoheli ea ka e ka hare." Ehlile, metsoalle e mengata ea Sejeremane ea moqapi - mme haholo-holo Weber - ha ea ka ea amohela metamorphosis ena ea Setaliana. Katleho e itekanetseng ea li-opera tsa Italy tsa Meyerbeer Jeremane ha ea ka ea nyahamisa moqapi. O ne a e-na le sepheo se secha: Paris - setsi se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa lipolotiki le setso ka nako eo. Ka 1824, Meyerbeer o ile a memeloa Paris ke maestro Rossini, ea neng a sa belaelle hore o nka mohato o bolaeang botumo ba hae. O bile a kenya letsoho tlhahisong ea The Crusader (1825), a tšehetsa moqapi e monyenyane. Ka 1827, Meyerbeer o ile a fallela Paris, moo a ileng a fumana lehae la hae la bobeli le moo botumo ba lefatše bo ileng ba tla ho eena.

Paris ho elella bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1820. bophelo bo bobe ba lipolotiki le bonono. Phetohelo ea bourgeois ea 1830 e ne e atamela. Bourgeoisie ea tokoloho e ne e ntse e lokisa butle-butle ho felisoa ha Bourbons. Lebitso la Napoleon le pota-potiloe ke litšōmo tsa lerato. Mehopolo ea bososhiale ea utopian e ntse e ata. Young V. Hugo selelekela se tummeng sa tšoantšiso "Cromwell" o phatlalatsa maikutlo a mokhoa o mocha oa bonono - maikutlo a lerato. Sebakeng sa 'mino oa' mino, hammoho le li-opera tsa E. Megul le L. Cherubini, mesebetsi ea G. Spontini e ratoa ka ho khetheha. Litšoantšo tsa Baroma ba boholo-holo tseo a li bōpileng likelellong tsa Mafora li na le ntho e tšoanang le bahale ba mehleng ea Napoleon. Ho na le li-comic operas tsa G. Rossini, F. Boildieu, F. Aubert. G. Berlioz o ngola tlhahiso ea hae e ncha ea Fantastic Symphony. Bangoli ba tsoelang pele ba tsoang linaheng tse ling ba tla Paris - L. Berne, G. Heine. Meyerbeer o shebisisa bophelo ba Parisian ka hloko, o etsa metsoalle ea bonono le ea khoebo, o ea lipapaling tsa pele tsa liketsahalo, tseo har'a tsona ho nang le mesebetsi e 'meli ea bohlokoa bakeng sa opera ea lerato - Aubert's The Mute from Portici (Fenella) (1828) le Rossini's William Tell (1829). Ntho ea bohlokoa e ne e le kopano ea moqapi le sengoli sa mahala sa ka moso E. Scribe, setsebi se hloahloa sa lebala la liketsahalo le litatso tsa sechaba, setsebi sa bomenemene ba sethala. Phello ea tšebelisano ea bona e bile opera ea lerato Robert the Devil (1831), e ileng ea atleha haholo. Phapang e khanyang, liketso tse phelang, linomoro tse tsotehang tsa mantsoe, molumo oa 'mino oa liletsa - sena sohle se fetoha tšobotsi ea li-opera tse ling tsa Meyerbeer.

Pontšo ea pele ea tlhōlo ea The Huguenots (1836) e qetella e hatelletse lira tsohle tsa hae. Botumo bo phahameng ba Meyerbeer bo boetse bo kenella naheng ea habo - Jeremane. Ka 1842, Morena oa Prussia Friedrich Wilhelm IV o ile a mo memela Berlin e le mookameli oa kakaretso oa 'mino. Sebakeng sa Opera ea Berlin, Meyerbeer o amohela R. Wagner bakeng sa tlhahiso ea The Flying Dutchman (mongoli o tsamaisa), o memela Berlioz, Liszt, G. Marschner Berlin, o thahasella 'mino oa M. Glinka mme o etsa trio e tsoang ho Ivan Susanin. . Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Glinka oa ngola: “Sehlopha sa ’mino oa liletsa se ne se laoloa ke Meyerbeer, empa re lokela ho lumela hore ke molaoli oa sehlopha ea hloahloa lintlheng tsohle.” Bakeng sa Berlin, moqapi o ngola opera Camp Silesia (karolo e kholo e etsoa ke J. Lind ea tummeng), Paris, The Prophet (1849), The North Star (1854), Dinora (1859) e etsoa sethaleng. Opera ea ho qetela ea Meyerbeer, The African Woman, e ile ea bona sethala selemo ka mor'a lefu la hae, ka 1865.

Mesebetsing ea hae e ntle ka ho fetisisa ea sethaleng, Meyerbeer o hlaha e le monghali e moholo ka ho fetisisa. Talenta ea boemo ba pele ea 'mino, haholo-holo lefapheng la liletsa le lipina tsa thoriso, ha ea ka ea haneloa le ke bahanyetsi ba hae R. Schumann le R. Wagner. Bokhabane ba sehlopha sa ’mino oa liletsa bo se lumella ho finyella liphello tse ntlehali le tse hlollang ka ho fetisisa (setšoantšo se ka kerekeng e khōlō, ketsahalo ea litoro, mohoanto oa ho bea setulo sa borena ho opera The Prophet, kapa ho neheloa ha lisabole ho The Huguenot). Ha ho na tsebo e fokolang le ho ba le matšoele a libini. Tšusumetso ea mosebetsi oa Meyerbeer e ile ea bonoa ke batho ba bangata ba mehleng ea hae, ho kenyeletsoa Wagner ho li-opera tsa Rienzi, The Flying Dutchman, le karolo e 'ngoe ea Tannhäuser. Batho ba mehleng ea kajeno ba ne ba boetse ba khahloa ke mokhoa oa lipolotiki oa li-opera tsa Meyerbeer. Mererong ea bohata ea histori, ba ile ba bona ntoa ea likhopolo tsa kajeno. Moqapi o ile a khona ho utloa nako eo ka bolotsana. Heine, ea neng a chesehela mosebetsi oa Meyerbeer, o ile a ngola: “Ke monna oa mehleng ea hae, le nako, ea tsebang kamehla ho khetha batho ba eona, ka lerata o ile a mo phahamisetsa thebe ’me a phatlalatsa puso ea hae.”

E. Illeva

Liqapi:

opereishene – Kano ea Jafeta (The Jephtas Oath, Jephtas Gelübde, 1812, Munich), Moeti le moeti, kapa motlae (Wirth und Gast oder Aus Scherz Ernst, 1813, Stuttgart; tlas’a sehlooho se reng Two caliphs, Die beyden Kalifen, “Kernttor1814, 1820 ”, Vienna; tlas’a lebitso la Alimelek, 1814, Prague and Vienna), Brandenburg Gate (Das Brandenburger Tor, 1815, not permanent), Bachelor from Salamanca (Le bachelier de Salamanque, 1815 (?), ha e felile), Seithuti sa Strasbourg (L'etudiant de Strasbourg, 1816 (?), ha e e-so qete), Robert le Elisa (1817, Palermo), Romilda le Constanta (melodrama, 1819, Padua), E Recognized Semiramis (Semiramide riconsciuta, 1819, tr. "Reggio", Turin), Emma oa Resburg (1820, tr “San Benedetto”, Venice; tlasa lebitso la Emma Lester, kapa Lentsoe la Letsoalo, Emma von Leicester oder Die Stimme des Gewissens, 1820, Dresden), Margaret oa Anjou (1821, tr “ La Scala”, Milan), Almanzor (1822, ha a ka a qeta), Ho lelekoa ho tloha Grenada (L'esule di Granada, 1824, tr “La Scala”, Milan), Crusader in Egypt (Il crociato e Egitto, 1825, tr Fenich e”, Venice), Ines di Castro, kapa Pedro oa Portugal (Ines di Castro o sia Pietro di Portogallo, melodrama, 1831, ha e felile), Robert the Devil (Robert le Diable, 1835, “Morena. Academy of Music and Dance, Paris), Huguenots (Les Huguenots, 1836, post. 1843, ibid; Russia tlas'a lebitso la Guelphs and Ghibellines), Mokete oa Lekhotla Ferrara (Das Hoffest von Ferrara, mokete oa mokete oa mokete oa mokete oa lekhotla o theko e boima. Ball, 1844, Royal Palace, Berlin), Kampo ea Silesia (Ein Feldlager e Schlesien, 1846, "King. Spectacle", Berlin), Noema, kapa Pako (Nolma ou Le repentir, 1849, ha ea ka ea fela.), Moprofeta ( Le prophète, 1854, King's Academy of Music and Dance, Paris; Russia tlas'a lebitso la The Siege of Ghent, joale John of Leiden), Northern Star (L'étoile du nord, 1854, Opera Comic, Paris); o ile a sebelisa ’mino oa opera Camp Silesia), Judith (1859, ha ea ka ea fela.), Ploermel tšoarelo (Le pardon de Ploërmel, eo pele e neng e bitsoa Treasure Seeker, Le chercheur du tresor; eo hape e bitsoang Dinora, kapa Pilgrimage to Ploermel, Dinorah oder Die Wallfahrt nach Ploermel; 1864, tr Opera Comic, Paris), African (lebitso la pele Vasco da Gama, 1865, poso. XNUMX, Grand Opera, Steam izh); divertissement - Ho tšela noka, kapa Mosali ea Boulela (Le passage de la riviere ou La femme jalouse; eo hape a bitsoang Motšoasi oa Litlhapi le Mosali, kapa Lerata le Lengata ka Lebaka la Kako, 1810, tr "King of the Spectacle", Berlin) ; puo e buang – Molimo le tlhaho (Gott und die Natur, 1811); bakeng sa okhestra - Leeto la mokete ho ea ho beoa borena ha William I (1861) le ba bang; likwayara – Pesaleme ea 91 (1853), Stabat Mater, Miserere, Te Deum, lipesaleme, lifela tsa libini le sehlopha sa libini (tse sa phatlalatsoang); bakeng sa lentsoe le piano - Lipina tsa St. 40, maikutlo a lerato, li-ballads (litemaneng tsa IV Goethe, G. Heine, L. Relshtab, E. Deschamps, M. Bera, joalo-joalo); 'mino oa litšoantšiso tsa terama, ho akarelletsa le Struenze (tšoantšiso ea M. Behr, 1846, Berlin), Bacha ba Goethe (La jeunesse de Goethe, tšoantšiso ea A. Blaze de Bury, 1859, e sa hatisoang).