Nikolai Rubinstein (Nikolai Rubinstein) |

Nikolai Rubinstein

Sebapali sa piano sa Russia, mokhanni, mosuoe, 'mino le setšoantšo sa sechaba. Moena oa AG Rubinstein. Ho tloha ha a le lilemo li 4 o ile a ithuta ho bapala piano tlas'a tataiso ea 'mè oa hae. Ka 1844-46 o ne a lula Berlin le 'mè oa hae le moen'ae, moo a ileng a ithuta ho T. Kullak (piano) le Z. Dehn (kutloano, polyphony, mefuta ea' mino). Ha a khutlela Moscow, o ile a ithuta le AI Villuan, eo a ileng a nka leeto la hae la pele la konsarete (1846-47). Mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-50. o ile a kena lefapheng la molao la Univesithi ea Moscow (ea fumaneng mangolo ka 1855). Ka 1858 o ile a qala mosebetsi oa konsarete (Moscow, London). Ka 1859 o ile a qala ho buloa ha lekala la Moscow la RMS, ho tloha ka 1860 ho fihlela qetellong ea bophelo ba hae e ne e le molula-setulo oa eona le mokhanni oa likonsarete tsa symphony. Lihlopha tsa 'mino tse hlophisitsoeng ke eena ho RMS li ile tsa fetoloa ka 1866 ho Moscow Conservatory (ho fihlela 1881 moprofesa le mookameli oa eona).

Rubinstein ke e mong oa libapali tsa piano tse hlahelletseng tsa mehleng ea hae. Leha ho le joalo, bonono ba hae ba ho bapala bo ne bo sa tsejoe hakaalo ka ntle ho Russia (e 'ngoe ea mekhelo e ne e le litšoantšiso tsa hae tsa tlhōlo likonsarete tsa World Exhibition, Paris, 1878, moo a ileng a etsa 1st Piano Concerto ea PI Tchaikovsky). Hangata o ile a fana ka likonsarete Moscow. Repertoire ea hae e ne e khantša lintho tsa tlhaho, e hlollang ka bophara: likonsarete tsa piano le liletsa tsa 'mino oa JS Bach, L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, F. Liszt, AG Rubinstein; o sebeletsa piano ea Beethoven le baqapi ba bang ba khale le haholo-holo ba lerato - R. Schumann, Chopin, Liszt (ea morao-rao o ne a nka Rubinstein e le sebini se setle ka ho fetisisa sa "Motjeko oa Lefu" mme a nehela "Fantasy on themes of the Ruins of Athene" ea hae ho eena). Setsebi sa liphatlalatso tsa 'mino oa Serussia, Rubinstein o ile a pheta pale ea piano ea Balakirev "Islamey" le likarolo tse ling tsa baqapi ba Serussia ba inehetseng ho eena. Karolo ea Rubinstein e ikhethile e le mofetoleli oa 'mino oa piano oa Tchaikovsky (sebini sa pele sa lipina tsa hae tse ngata), ea neng a inehetse ho Rubinstein konsarete ea bobeli ea piano le liletsa tsa' mino oa liletsa, "Russian Scherzo", "Ho thoe'ng! ...", o ngotse sehlopha sa piano "Memory" mabapi le sebini se seholo sa lefu la Rubinstein.

Papali ea Rubinstein e ne e khetholloa ka boholo ba eona, phetheho ea tekheniki, motsoako o lumellanang oa maikutlo le a utloahalang, botlalo ba setaele, kutloisiso ea tekanyo. E ne e se na boikemelo boo, bo ileng ba tsejoa papaling ea AG Rubinshtein. Rubinstein o ile a boela a etsa li-chamber ensembles le F. Laub, LS Auer le ba bang.

Mesebetsi ea Rubinstein e le mokhanni e ne e le matla. Likhonsata tse fetang 250 tsa RMS Moscow, ho ile ha tšoaroa likonsarete tse ngata St. Petersburg le metseng e meng tlas’a tataiso ea hae. Moscow, tlas'a tataiso ea Rubinstein, ho ile ha etsoa mesebetsi e meholo ea oratorio le ea symphonic: cantatas, boima ba JS Bach, likaroloana tse tsoang ho oratorios ea GF Handel, symphonies, opera overtures le Requiem ea WA Mozart, symphonic overtures, piano le Likhonsarete tsa violin (tse nang le liletsa tsa 'mino oa liletsa) ka Beethoven, li-symphonies tsohle le mesebetsi e meholo ka ho fetisisa ea F. Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, overtures le likarolo tse tsoang ho li-operas tsa R. Wagner. Rubinstein o ile a susumetsa ho thehoa ha sekolo sa naha se bapalang. O ne a lula a kenyelletsa mananeong a hae mesebetsi ea baqapi ba Serussia - MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, AG Rubinstein, Balakirev, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Mesebetsi e mengata ea Tchaikovsky e ile ea etsoa ka lekhetlo la pele tlas'a lerumo la Rubinstein: li-symphonies tsa 1-4 (ea 1 e nehetsoe Rubinstein), 1st suite, thothokiso ea symphonic "Fatum", "Romeo le Juliet" ea morao-rao. symphonic fantasy "Francesca da Rimini", "Italian Capriccio", 'mino oa pale ea selemo ea AN Ostrovsky "The Snow Maiden", joalo-joalo E ne e boetse e le motsamaisi oa' mino le mokhanni oa lipapali tsa opera Moscow Conservatory, ho akarelletsa le tlhahiso ea pele. opera "Eugene Onegin" (1879). Rubinstein e le mokhanni o ne a khetholloa ke thato ea hae e kholo, bokhoni ba ho ithuta ka potlako likotoana tse ncha le sehlopha sa 'mino oa liletsa, ho nepahala le polasetiki ea boitšisinyo ba hae.

Joaloka mosuoe, Rubinstein ha aa ka a hōlisa virtuosos feela, empa hape le libini tse rutehileng. E ne e le eena mongoli oa lenaneo la thuto, leo ka lilemo tse ngata thuto e neng e khannoa lihlopheng tsa piano tsa Moscow Conservatory. Motheo oa thuto ea hae e ne e le thuto e tebileng ea mongolo oa 'mino, kutloisiso ea sebopeho sa tšoantšetso sa mosebetsi le mekhoa ea histori le ea setaele e hlalositsoeng ho eona ka ho hlahloba likarolo tsa puo ea' mino. Sebaka se seholo se ile sa fuoa pontšo ea botho. Har'a liithuti tsa Rubinstein ke SI Taneev, AI Ziloti, E. Sauer, NN Kalinovskaya, F. Friedenthal, RV Genika, NA Muromtseva, A. Yu. Zograf (Dulova) le ba bang. Taneyev o ile a nehelana ka cantata "John oa Damaseka" mohopolong oa mosuoe.

Mesebetsi ea 'mino le ea sechaba ea Rubinstein, e amanang le tsoelo-pele ea sechaba ea 50s le 60s, e ne e khetholloa ka mokhoa oa demokrasi, oa thuto. Ka boiteko ba ho etsa hore ’mino o fumanehe ho batho ba bangata ba mametseng, o ile a hlophisa seo ho thoeng ke. likonsarete tsa sechaba. Joaloka motsamaisi oa Conservatory ea Moscow, Rubinshtein o ile a finyella litsebo tse phahameng tsa matichere le liithuti, ho fetola ntlo ea polokelo ea matlo hore e be setsi sa thuto e phahameng e le kannete, boeta-pele bo kopanetsoeng (o ile a nka bohlokoa bo boholo ho lekhotla la bonono), thuto ea libini tse rutehileng tse rutehileng (ho ela hloko 'mino le 'mino). dithuto tsa teori). Kaha o ne a tšoenyehile ka ho thehoa ha basebetsi ba 'mino le thuto ea malapeng, o ile a khahloa ke ho ruta, hammoho le Laub, B. Kosman, J. Galvani le ba bang, Tchaikovsky, GA Laroche, ND Kashkin, AI Dyubyuk, NS Zverev, AD Aleksandrov-Kochetov, DV. Razumovsky, Taneev. Rubinstein o ile a boela a laela mafapha a 'mino a lipontšo tsa Polytechnical (1872) le All-Russian (1881). O ile a etsa haholo likonsarete tsa liphallelo, ka 1877-78 o ile a etela metse ea Russia molemong oa Sefapano se Sefubelu.

Rubinstein ke mongoli oa likotoana tsa piano (tse ngotsoeng bocheng ba hae), ho kenyelletsa mazurka, bolero, tarantella, polonaise, joalo-joalo (e hatisitsoeng ke Jurgenson), orchestral overture, 'mino oa papali ea VP Begichev le AN Kanshin ” Cat le Mouse (orchestral). le linomoro tsa libini, 1861, Maly Theatre, Moscow). E ne e le mohlophisi oa khatiso ea Serussia ea Complete Piano Works ea Mendelssohn. Ka lekhetlo la pele Russia, o ile a hatisa maikutlo a lerato (lipina) tse khethiloeng ke Schubert le Schumann (1862).

Kaha o ne a e-na le boikarabelo bo phahameng, ho arabela, ho se thahaselle, o ile a thabela botumo bo boholo Moscow. Selemo se seng le se seng, ka lilemo tse ngata, likonsarete tsa ho hopola Rubinstein li ne li tšoareloa Moscow Conservatory le RMO. Lilemong tsa bo-1900 ho ne ho e-na le selikalikoe sa Rubinstein.

LZ Korabelnikova