Chromatism |

Xromatismos ea Segerike - mebala, ho tloha ho xroma - 'mala oa letlalo,' mala, pente; xromatikon - chromatic, e bolelang genos - genus

Halftone system (ho ea ka A. Webern, chromatism ke "motsamao ka halftones"). Li-Chromatisms li kenyelletsa mefuta e 'meli ea litsamaiso tsa nako - ea khale ea Greek "chroma" le chromatism ea Europe.

1) "Chrome" - e 'ngoe ea tse tharo tse ka sehloohong. “mefuta” ea tetrachord (kapa “mefuta ea meloli”) hammoho le “diatone” le “enarmony” (sheba ’mino oa Segerike). Hammoho le enharmony (le ho fapana le diatone) ea chromium, e khetholloa ke taba ea hore kakaretso ea linako tse peli tse nyenyane li ka tlaase ho boleng ba boraro. "Sehlopha" se joalo sa linako tse moqotetsane se bitsoa. pykn (pyknon ea Segerike, litlhaku - tse ngata, hangata). Ho fapana le li-enharmonics, linako tse nyenyane ka ho fetisisa tsa chroma ke li-semitone, mohlala: e1 - des1 - c1 - h. Ho ea ka pono ea 'mino oa mehleng ea kajeno likhopolo tsa Segerike. chroma ha e le hantle e lumellana le sekala le SW. ea bobeli (ka li-octave frets - ka metsotsoana e 'meli e ntseng e eketseha, joalo ka aria ea Mofumahali oa Shemakhan ho tloha ketsong ea bobeli ea opera The Golden Cockerel ka Rimsky-Korsakov) 'me e haufi le diatonic ho feta chromatic. Borateori ba Bagerike le bona ba ile ba khetholla ka “matsoalo” “mebala” (xroai), mefuta e fapaneng ea nako ea tetrachords ea mofuta o itseng. Ho ea ka Aristoxenus, chrome e na le "mebala" e meraro (mefuta): molumo (ka lisente: 300 + 100 + 100), e le 'ngoe le halofo (350 + 75 + 75) le bonolo (366 + 67 + 67).

Melodica chromatic. genus e ne e nkoa e le mebala-bala (ka ho hlakileng, ke ka hona lebitso). Ka nako e ts'oanang, o ne a tsejoa e le ea hloekisitsoeng, "coddled". Qalong ea mehla ea Bokreste, chromatic. lipina tsa thoriso li ne li nyatsuoa ka hore ha li khotsofatse boitšoaro. litlhoko (Clement oa Alexandria). Ho Nar. 'mino oa Bochabela o khahlano le uv. metsotsoana (hemiolic) e bolokile boleng ba eona lekholong la bo20 la lilemo. (Ho boletse Mohammed Awad Khawas, 1970). Ho Europe melodic e ncha X. e na le tšimoloho e fapaneng 'me, ho latela, tlhaho e fapaneng.

2) Khopolo e ncha ea X. e fana ka maikutlo a ho ba teng ha diatonicism e le motheo, oo X. "mebala" (likhopolo tsa chroma, 'mala ka Marchetto oa Padua; bona Gerbert M., t. 3, 1963, leq. 74B) . X e hlalosoa e le lera la sebopeho sa bophahamo bo phahameng, se mela ho tloha motsong oa diatonic (molao-motheo oa phetoho; bapisa le mohopolo oa maemo a sebopeho sa G. Schenker). Ho fapana le Segerike, mohopolo o mocha oa X. o amahanngoa le mohopolo oa melumo e 6 (mehato ea melodic) ho tetrachord (Bagerike ba ne ba lula ba e-na le e mene ea eona; Khopolo ea Aristoxenus ea tetrachord e ts'oanang ea semitone. sebopeho se ile sa lula e le tlhaloso ea khopolo-taba) le melumo e 12 ka har'a octave ka 'ngoe. 'Mino oa "Nordic" oa diatonicism o bonahala ka tlhaloso ea X. e le "khatello" ea diatonic. elements, "kenya" motsong oa diatonic. mola oa karolo ea bobeli (diatonic ka hare ho eona) e le X. Kahoo molao-motheo oa chromatic systematics. phenomena, tse hlophisitsoeng ho latela boima ba tsona bo ntseng bo eketseha, ho tloha ho chromaticity e sa tloaelehang ho ea ho e teteaneng haholo (A. Webern's hemitonics). X. e arotsoe ka melodic. le chord (ka mohlala, li-chords li ka ba tsa diatonic feela, 'me lipina tsa thoriso li ka ba chromatic, joalo ka Chopin's etude a-moll op. 10 No 2), centripetal (e lebisitsoe ho melumo ea tonic. ea 1nd karolo ea 2 ea sonata ke L. Beethoven bakeng sa piano.). Sistimi ea liketsahalo tse kholo X.:

Modulation X. e thehiloe ka lebaka la kakaretso ea diatonic tse peli, tse khaotsoeng ka ho li abela likarolo tse fapaneng tsa sebopeho (L. Beethoven, qetello ea sonata ea piano ea bo9, sehlooho le phetoho; N. Ya. Myaskovsky, "Yellowed Maqephe” a piano, No 7, hape a tsoakane le mefuta e meng ea X.); chromatic melumo e ka har'a litsamaiso tse fapaneng 'me e ka ba hole haholo. Subsystem X. (ho kheloha; bona Subsystem) e emetse melumo ea chromatic. likamano ka har'a sistimi e ts'oanang (JS Bach, sehlooho sa h-moll fugue ho tsoa bukeng ea 1 ea Well-Tempered Clavier), e tenya X.

Molumo oa pele X. o tsoa ho kenyelletsong ea melumo ea ho bula molumo leha e le ofe kapa chord, ntle le nako ea phetoho e le ho fallela ho uv. Ke tla amohela (harmonic minor; Chopin, mazurka C-dur 67, No 3, PI Tchaikovsky, karolo ea 1 ea symphony ea bo6, tšimoloho ea sehlooho sa bobeli; seo ho thoeng ke "Prokofiev's dominant"). Phetoho X. e amahanngoa le tšobotsi. Nako ke phetoho ea diatonic. element (molumo, chord) ka mohato oa chromatic. semitone - uv. Ke tla amohela, ke hlahisoe ka ho hlaka (L. Beethoven, 5th symphony, 4th movement, bar 56-57) kapa ho fana ka maikutlo (AN Scriabin, Poem for piano op. 32 No 2, bar 1-2).

Mixed X. e na le ho kopanya ka tatellano kapa ka nako e le 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa modal, e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e le ea litlhaku tse fapaneng tsa diatonic (AP Borodin, 2nd symphony, 1st movement, bar 2; F. Liszt, symphony "Faust", 1 -th movement, bar 1 -2; SS Prokofiev, sonata No 6 bakeng sa pianoforte, motsamao oa pele, bar 1; DD Shostakovich, symphony ea bo1, motsamao oa pele, linomoro tsa 7-1; NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "Golden Cockerel", kenyelletso ea 'mino oa liletsa ho Act II; symmetrical li-frets li ka atamela haufi le X ea tlhaho). Tlhaho X. (“organic chromaticity” ho latela A. Pusseru) ha e na diatonic. metheo ea motheo (O. Messiaen, "35 views ... " bakeng sa piano, No 36; EV Denisov, piano trio, 20st movement; A. Webern, Bagatelli bakeng sa piano, op. 3).

Khopolo X. ka Segerike. ba nahanang e ne e le tlhaloso ea linako tsa chromatic. hlopha ka calculus mathematic. likamano pakeng tsa melumo ea tetrachord (Aristoxenus, Ptolemy). Express. sebopeho (“ethos”) sa chroma e le mofuta o bonolo, o hloekisitsoeng, o hlalositsoe ke Aristoxen, Ptolemy, Philodem, Pachymer. Kakaretso ea boholo-holo. X. khopolo le qalo ea Mehla e Bohareng. ba theorists e ne e le nehelano ea tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le X., ea Boethius (maqalong a lekholo la bo6 la lilemo AD). Ketsahalo ea "molumo oa selelekela, transpositional) X., e hlahileng hoo e ka bang. Lekholong la bo13 la lilemo, qalong li ne li bonahala li sa tloaeleha hoo li neng li bitsoa ’mino o “fosahetseng” (musica ficta), ’mino oa “tšōmo”, “oa bohata” (musica falsa). Ha a akaretsa melumo e mecha ea chromatic (ho tloha mahlakoreng a bataletseng le a bohale), Prosdocimus de Beldemandis o ile a tla ka mohopolo oa sekala sa methati e 17:

Semitone e qalang "ea maiketsetso" ea tekanyo e nyenyane e ile ea lula e le lefa le tsitsitseng la "mino oa ficta".

Tseleng ea ho khetholla li-anharmonic. boleng ba molumo ka con. Lekholong la bo16 la lilemo ho tloha khopolong ea X. branched microchromatics. Ho tloha lekholong la bo17 la lilemo khopolo X. e tsoela pele tumellanong le lithuto tsa kutloano (hape li-bass tse akaretsang). Modulation le subsystem X. li tšoaroa haholo-holo. joalo ka phetiso ea transpositional ea setsi sa likamano. lisele tsa ladotonality ho kena ka tlaase le ho pota-pota.

References: 1) Motho ea sa tsejoeng, Selelekela sa Harmonics, Philological Review, 1894, vol. 7, buka. 1-2; Petr VI, Ka lipina, libopeho le mekhoa ea 'mino oa khale oa Segerike, Kyiv, 1901; El Said Mohamed Awad Khawas, Modern Arabic Folk Song, M., 1970; Paul O., Boetius und die griechische Harmonik, Lpz., 1872; Westphal R., Aristoxenus von Tarent. Melik und Rhythmik des classischen Hellenenthums, Lpz., 1883; Jan K. von (comp.), Musici scriptores graeci, Lpz., 1895; D'ring I. (ed.), Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios, Göteborg, 1930.

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Yu. H. Kholopov