Ts'ebetso ea choral |

ha ho. Choralbeitung, англ. tlhophiso ea choral, setlankana sa chorale, франц. composition sur choral, итал. ho qaqisa pina ya chorale, sebopeho sa korale

Mosebetsi oa liletsa, oa mantsoe kapa oa mantsoe ao ho ona pina e halaletsoang ea kereke ea Bophirima ea Bokreste (sheba pina ea Gregory, pina ea Boprostanta, Choral) e amohelang moralo oa mantsoe a mangata.

Lereo X. mabapi.” hangata e sebelisoa ho lipina tsa polygonal ho choral cantus firmus (mohlala, antiphon, hymn, responsory). Ka linako tse ling tlas'a X. hoo e ka bang. 'mino oohle o kenyelelitsoe. op., ka tsela e itseng e amanang le chorale, ho kenyeletsoa le moo e sebelisoang feela e le mohloli oa boitsebiso. Tabeng ena, ts'ebetso e fetoha ts'ebetso, 'me lentsoe lena le nka moelelo o pharaletseng o sa hlakang. Ho eena. litlotla tsa musicology. X. hoo e ka bang." hangata e sebelisoa ka kutloisiso e haufi ho bua ka mefuta e fapaneng ea ho sebetsana le chorale ea Boprostanta. Scope X. hoo e ka bang. sephara haholo. Mefuta e ka sehloohong ea moprofesa. 'mino oa Mehleng e Bohareng le Mehleng ea Tsosoloso. Ka mefuta ea pele ea polyphonic (parallel organum, foburdon) chorale e etsoa ka botlalo. Kaha ke lentsoe le tlaase, le kopitsoang ke mantsoe a mang kaofela, le theha motheo oa sebopeho ka kutloisiso ea sebele. Ka amplification ea polyphonic. boikemelo ba mantsoe, chorale e holofetse: melumo ea eona e lelefala le ho lekana (ka har'a melismatic organum e bolokoa ho fihlela mokhabiso o mongata oa mantsoe a kopaneng a utloahala), chorale e lahleheloa ke botšepehi ba eona (ho lieha ha nehelano ka lebaka la Keketseho ea morethetho e e qobella hore e felle feela ho tsamaisa ka mokhoa o sa fellang - maemong a mang e se ke ea feta melumo ea pele ea 4-5). Mokhoa ona o ile oa ntlafatsoa mehlaleng ea pele ea motet (lekholong la bo13 la lilemo), moo cantus firmus hangata e neng e boetse e le sekhechana sa pina ea Gregory (sheba mohlala o ka tlase). Ka nako e tšoanang, chorale e ne e sebelisoa haholo e le motheo oa ostinato bakeng sa polyphonic. mefuta e fapaneng (sheba Polyphony, kholomo 351).

Gregory pina. Hallelujah Vidimus Stellam.

Motet. Sekolo sa Parisian (lekholong la bo13 la lilemo). Sekhechana sa chorale se etsahala ka tenor.

Mohato o latelang historing ea X. o. - ho atolosoa ho khalala ea molao-motheo oa isorhythm (bona Motet), e 'nileng ea sebelisoa ho tloha lekholong la bo14 la lilemo. Mefuta ea X. o. ho hlomphuoa ke litsebi tsa lipheo tse ngata. bongata. Mekhoa e meholo ea ho sebelisa chorale (tse ling tsa tsona li ka kopanngoa ka mokhoa o le mong.): karolo ka 'ngoe e na le litemana tse 1-2 tsa lipina tsa thoriso, tse arotsoeng ka lipoleloana tse arohaneng ka khefu (ka hona, boima bohle bo emela potoloho ea mefuta e fapaneng); karolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e na le sekhechana sa chorale, se hasaneng hohle ka bongata; chorale – kgahlanong le tlwaelo ya nehelano ka tenor (2) – e tsamaya ho tloha ho lentswe ho ya ho lentswe (seo ho thweng ke migrating cantus firmus); chorale e etsoa hang-hang, eseng likarolong tsohle. Ka nako e ts'oanang, chorale ha e lule e sa fetohe; ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea eona, tse 4 tse ka sehloohong li ne li ikemiselitse. mefuta ea lihlooho. liphetoho - ho eketseha, ho fokotseha, ho potoloha, ho sisinyeha. Mehlaleng ea pejana, korale, e hlalosoang ka nepo kapa ka ho fapana (ho tlatsa melumo ea ho tlola, mekhabiso, litlhophiso tse fapaneng tsa morethetho), e ne e bapisoa le lintlha tse batlang li lokolohile, tse sa amaneng le sehlooho.

G. Dufay. Sefela “Aures ad nostras deitatis”. Molato wa 1 ke molodi wa dikhwaere tsa monophonic, karolo ya 2 ke tlhophiso ya mantswe a mararo (molodi wa dikhwaere tse fapaneng ka soprano).

Ka nts'etsopele ea ho etsisa, e koahelang mantsoe ohle, liforomo tsa cantus firmus li fana ka tse ncha, 'me chorale e ntse e le mohloli oa sehlooho feela. thepa ea tlhahiso. (bap. mohlala o ka tlase le mohlala o hlahang kholomong ea 48).

Гимн "Pange lingua"

Mekhoa le mefuta ea ho sebetsana le chorale, e ntlafalitsoeng mehleng ea mokhoa o thata, e ile ea ntlafatsoa 'minong oa kereke ea Prostanta, hammoho le tšebeliso ea ho etsisa. liforomo li ile tsa tsosolosoa liforomo ho cantus firmus. Mefuta ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa - cantata, "passions", concerto ea moea, motet - hangata e amahanngoa le chorale (sena se bontšoa ke poleloana e reng: Choralkonzert, mohlala "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ" ka I. Schein; Choralmotette, mohlala, "Komm, heiliger Geist" A. von Brook; Choralkantate). Kenyelletsa. Tšebeliso ea cantus firmus ho cantatas ea JS Bach e khetholloa ka mefuta-futa ea eona. Hangata Chorale e fanoa ka sepheo se bonolo sa 4. tumellanong. Molodi wa khwaere o letswang ke lentswe kapa seletsa o phahamisoa hodima korase e atolositsweng. sebopeho (mohlala BWV 80, No 1; BWV 97, No 1), wok. kapa instr. a duet (BWV 6, No 3), an aria (BWV 31, No 8) esita le recitative (BWV 5, No 4); ka linako tse ling li-choral line le mela e pheta-phetoang eo e seng ea k'hoaere e fapanyetsana (BWV 94, No 5). Ho feta moo, chorale e ka sebetsa e le sehlooho. motheo oa likarolo tsohle, 'me maemong a joalo cantata e fetoha mofuta oa potoloho e fapaneng (mohlala, BWV 4; qetellong, chorale e etsoa ka mokhoa o ka sehloohong likarolong tsa k'hoaere le 'mino oa liletsa).

Histori X. mabapi le. bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa keyboard (haholo-holo bakeng sa setho) e qala lekholong la bo15 la lilemo, ha ho thoeng ke. molao-motheo o mong oa ts'ebetso (lat. alternatim - alternately). Litemana tsa pina, tse neng li etsoa ke sehlopha sa libini, tseo pele li neng li fapanyetsana le lipoleloana tse le mong (mohlala, li-antiphons), li ile tsa qala ho fapanyetsana le org. ts'ebetso (versett), haholo-holo 'Miseng le Magnificat. Kahoo, Kyrie eleison (ho Krom, ho ea ka neano, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea likarolo tse 3 tsa Kyrie - Christe - Kyrie e phetoa ka makhetlo a mararo) e ka etsoa:

Josquin oa Tepella. Mecca "Pange lingua". Ho qala "Kyrie eleison", "Christe eleison" le "Kyrie" ea bobeli. Litaba tsa sehlooho tsa ho etsisa ke lipoleloana tse fapaneng tsa chorale.

Kyrie (setho) – Kyrie (k’hoaere) – Kyrie (setho) – Christe (k’hoaere) – Christe (setho) – Christe (k’hoaere) – Kyrie (setho) – Kyrie (k’hoaere) – Kyrie (setho). Sat org. li ile tsa hatisoa. lingoliloeng tsa Gregorian Magnificats le likarolo tsa 'Misa (tse bokelloa hammoho, hamorao li ile tsa tsejoa e le Orgelmesse - org. mass): "Magnificat en la tabulature des orgues", e hatisitsoeng ke P. Attenyan (1531), "Intavolatura coi Recercari Canzoni Himni Magnificat …” le “Intavolatura d'organo cio Misse Himni Magnificat. Libro secondo” ka G. Cavazzoni (1543), “Messe d'intavolatura d'organo” ka C. Merulo (1568), “Obras de musica” ka A. Cabeson (1578), “Fiori musicali” ka G. Frescobaldi ( 1635) joalo-joalo.

"Sanctus" e tsoang ho "Cimctipotens" ea "Cimctipotens" ke mongoli ea sa tsejoeng, e hatisitsoeng ke P. Attenyan ho "Tabulatura pour le ieu Dorgucs" (1531). Cantus firmus e etsoa ka tenor, ebe ka soprano.

Molodi wa diturgical (bap. the cantus firmus ho tloha mohlaleng o ka hodimo).

Org. Liphetoho tsa sehlopha sa Boprostanta sa lekholong la bo17-18 la lilemo. e ile ea nka phihlelo ea benghali ba mehla e fetileng; li hlahisoa ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa tekheniki. le ho hlalosa. diphihlello tsa mmino wa mehleng ya hae. Har'a bangoli ba X. o. - moetsi oa lipina tse kholohali JP Sweelinck, ea ileng a hohela ho polyphonic e rarahaneng. metswako ya D. Buxtehude, e nang le mebala e metle ya molodi wa dikhwaere G. Böhm, a sebedisa hoo e batlang e le mefuta yohle ya mmino ya JG Walter, a sebetsa ka mafolo-folo lefapheng la dikhwaere S. Scheidt, J. Pachelbel le ba bang (ntlafatso ya dikhwaere e ne e le mosebetsi wa e mong le e mong setho sa kereke) . JS Bach o ile a hlola moetlo. polelo e akaretsang ea X. o. (thabo, masoabi, khotso) le ho e matlafatsa ka meriti eohle e fihlellehang kelellong ea motho. Ho lebella botle ba lerato. litšoantšo tse nyenyane, o ile a fa karolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ka botho bo ikhethang 'me a eketsa ka mokhoa o ke keng oa lekanngoa molumo oa mantsoe a tlamang.

Karolo ea sebopeho sa X. o. (ntle le mefuta e seng mekae, mohlala, fugue ka sehlooho sa chorale) ke "sebopeho sa eona se nang le mekhahlelo e 'meli", ke hore, ho phaella ha lihlopha tse batlang li ikemetse - pina ea thoriso le se e potolohileng (ts'ebetso ea sebele. ). Ponahalo e akaretsang le sebopeho sa X. o. e itšetlehile ka mokhatlo oa bona le mofuta oa tšebelisano. Muses. litšobotsi tsa lipina tsa lipina tsa Boprostanta li batla li tsitsitse: ha li matla, li na le li-caesuras tse hlakileng, le ho fokola ha lipoleloana. Sebopeho (ho ea ka palo ea lipolelo le boholo ba tsona) se kopitsa sebopeho sa sengoloa, seo hangata e leng quatrain ka ho eketsoa ha mela e mengata. Ho ba joalo. sextines, sevenths, joalo-joalo pina ea thoriso e tsamaellana le kaho ea pele joalo ka nako le ho tsoela pele ka polyphrased (ka linako tse ling ho etsa bar hammoho, mohlala BWV 38, No 6). Likarolo tsa ho iphetetsa li etsa hore mefuta ena e amana le likarolo tse peli, tse tharo, empa ho hloka ho itšetleha ka squareness ho li khetholla haholo ho tsa khale. Letoto la mekhoa e hahang le mokhoa oa ho bua o sebelisoang 'minong. lesela le pota-potileng chorale le pharaletseng haholo; eena ch. arr. mme e etsa qeto ea ponahalo e akaretsang ea Op. (bap. ditlhophiso tse fapaneng tsa chorale e le nngwe). Sehlopha se ipapisitse le X. o. mokhoa oa ho sebetsa o behiloe (pina ea thoriso ea chorale e fapana kapa e lula e sa fetohe, ha ho na taba bakeng sa lihlopha). Ho na le mefuta e 4 ea mantlha ea X. o.:

1) litokisetso tsa sebaka sa polokelo ea li-chord (libukeng tsa mokhatlo, tse fokolang ka ho fetisisa, mohlala, "Allein Gott in der Hoh sei Ehr" ea Bach, BWV 715).

2) Ho sebetsana le polyphonic. polokelo. Hangata mantsoe a tsamaeang a amana le pina (sheba mohlala ho kholomo ea 51, ka holimo), hangata ha a itšetlehe ka eona (“Der Tag, der ist so freudenreich”, BWV 605). Ba hanyetsana ka bolokolohi le chorale le tse ling ("Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stund", BWV 621), hangata ba etsa lipapiso ("Wir Christenleut", BWV 612), ka linako tse ling canon ("Canonical Variations on a Christmas Song", BWV 769 ).

3) Fugue (fughetta, ricercar) joalo ka mofuta oa X. o .:

a) ka sehlooho sa chorale, moo sehlooho e leng polelo ea eona e qalang (“Fuga super: Jesus Christus, unser Heiland”, BWV 689) kapa – ho seo ho thoeng ke. strophic fugue - lipoleloana tsohle tsa chorale ka ho latellana, ho etsa letoto la litlhaloso ("Aus tiefer Not schrei'ich zu dir", BWV 686, bona mohlala ho Art. Fugue, kholomo ea 989);

b) ho chorale, moo fugue e ikemetseng e sebetsanang le eona ("Fantasia sopra: Jesu meine Freude", BWV 713).

4) Canon - sebopeho moo chorale e etsoang ka molao ("Gott, durch deine Güte", BWV 600), ka linako tse ling ka ho etsisa ("Erschienen ist der herrliche Tag", BWV 629) kapa canonical. felehetsa (sheba mohlala kholomong ea 51, ka tlase). Phapang. mefuta ea litlhophiso e ka kopanngoa ka mefuta e fapaneng ea libini (sheba Bach's org. partitas).

Mokhoa o akaretsang oa ho iphetola ha lintho tsa X. o. ke ho matlafatsa boikemelo ba mantsoe a hanyetsang chorale. The stratification ea chorale le ho felehetsa ho fihla boemong, moo "counterpoint of forms" e hlahang - ho se lumellane pakeng tsa meeli ea chorale le ho tsamaisana ("Nun freut euch, lieben Christen g'mein", BWV 734). Boikemisetso ba ts'ebetso bo boetse bo hlahisoa ka ho kopanngoa ha chorale le tse ling, ka linako tse ling hole le eona, mefuta - aria, recitative, fantasy (e nang le likarolo tse ngata tse fapaneng ka tlhaho le mokhoa oa ts'ebetso, mohlala, "Ich ruf. zu dir, Herr Jesus Christ” ka V. Lübeck), esita le ka ho tantša (ka mohlala, karolong ea partita “Auf meinen lieben Gott” ea Buxtehude, moo phapang ea bobeli e leng sarabande, ea boraro ke mololi, ’me ea bone ke seqhomane).

JS Bach. Tlhophiso ea litho tsa 'mino "Ach Gott und Herr", BWV 693. Sehlomathiso se thehiloe ka ho feletseng holim'a lisebelisoa tsa chorale. E etsisoa haholo (ka phokotso e habeli le e mene) ea pele le ea bobeli (setšoantšo sa seipone sa 1)

JS Bach. "In dulci Jubilo", BWV 608, ho tsoa bukeng ea Organ. Habeli canon.

Ho tsoa ho Ser. Lekholong la bo18 la lilemo ka mabaka a tatellano ea nalane le botle ba X. o. e batla e nyamela ho itloaetsa ho qapa. Har'a mehlala e seng mekae ea morao tjena ke 'Misa oa Choral, org. fantasy le fugue on chorales by F. Liszt, org. lilelekela tsa choral ka I. Brahms, choral cantatas, org. menahano ya dibini le dilelekela pele tsa M. Reger. Ka linako tse ling X. o. e fetoha ntho ea setaele, ebe likarolo tsa mofuta ona li tsosolosoa ntle le tšebeliso ea lipina tsa 'nete (mohlala, toccata ea E. Krenek le chaconne).

References: Livanova T., Histori ea 'mino oa Europe Bophirimela ho fihlela ka 1789, M.-L., 1940; Skrebkov SS, tlhahlobo ea Polyphonic, M.-L., 1940; Sposobin IV, Sebopeho sa 'Mino, M.-L., 1947; Protopopov Vl., Histori ea polyphony liketsahalong tsa eona tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa. Li-classics tsa Europe Bophirimela tsa XVIII-XIX makholong a lilemo, M., 1965; Lukyanova N., Holima molao-motheo o le mong oa ho theha litlhophiso tsa likhwaere ho tsoa ho li-cantatas tsa JS Bach, ho: Problems of Musicology, vol. 2, M., 1975; Druskin M., Litakatso le bongata ba JS Bach, L., 1976; Evdokimova Yu., Thematic process in the mass of Palestrina, in: Theory observations on the history of music, M., 1978; Simakova N., Melody “L'homme arm” le tlhaloso ea eona har'a matšoele a Renaissance, ibid.; Etinger M., Kutloano ea khale ea khale, M., 1979; Schweitzer A, JJ Bach. Le musicien-poite, P.-Lpz., 1905, e atolositse Sejeremane. ed. tlas'a sehlooho: JS Bach, Lpz., 1908 (phetolelo ea Serussia - Schweitzer A., ​​Johann Sebastian Bach, M., 1965); Terry CS, Bach: the cantatas and oratorios, v. 1-2, L., 1925; Dietrich P., JS Bach's Orgelchoral und seine geschichtlichen Wurzeln, “Bach-Jahrbuch”, Jahrg. 26, 1929; Kittler G., Geschichte des protestantischen Orgelchorals, Bckermünde, 1931; Klotz H., Lber die Orgelkunst der Gotik, der Renaissance und des Barock, Kassel, 1934, 1975; Frotscher G., Geschichte des Orgelspiels und der Orgelkomposition, Bd 1-2, B., 1935-36, 1959; Schrade L., Setho ka boima ba lekholo la bo15 la lilemo, “MQ”, 1942, v. 28, No 3, 4; Lowinsky EE, 'mino oa organ oa Senyesemane oa Renaissance, ibid., 1953, v. 39, No 3, 4; Fischer K. von, Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Orgelchoralvariation, in Festschrift Fr. Blume, Kassel (ua), 1963; Krummacher F., Die Choralbearbeitung in der protestantischen Figuralmusik zwischen Praetorius und Bach, Kassel, 1978.

TS Kyuregyan