Ho kheloha |
kheloha (Sejeremane: Ausweichung) hangata e hlalosoa e le ho tloha ha nako e khuts'oane ho ea senotlolo se seng, eseng ho lokisoa ke cadence (micromodulation). Leha ho le joalo, ka nako e ts'oanang, liketsahalo li behoa ka mola o le mong. taelo - matla a khoheli ho ea setsing se tloaelehileng sa tonal le khoheli e fokolang haholo ho isa motheong oa lehae. Phapang ke hore tonic ea ch. tonalality e bontsha botsitso ba medumo ka bo yona. kutloisiso ea lentsoe, 'me tonic ea sebakeng seo ka ho kheloha (le hoja sebakeng se moqotetsane se tšoana le motheo oa tonal) mabapi le e ka sehloohong e boloka ka ho feletseng mosebetsi oa eona oa ho hloka botsitso. Ka hona, ho kenyelletsoa ha li-dominants tsa bobeli (ka linako tse ling li-subdominants) - mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho theha O. - ha e le hantle ha e bolele ho fetela ho senotlolo se seng, kaha e tobileng. maikutlo a ho khahloa ke tonic e akaretsang e ntse e le teng. O. e eketsa tsitsipano e teng tumellanong ena, ke hore, e tebisa ho se tsitse ha eona. Ke ka hona ho hanyetsanang tlhalosong (mohlomong ho amoheleha le ho lokafatsoa lithutong tsa koetliso tse lumellanang). Tlhaloso e nepahetseng haholoanyane ea O. (e tsoang mehopolong ea GL Catoire le IV Sposobin) e le sele ea bobeli ea tonal (subsystem) ka har'a moralo oa tsamaiso e akaretsang ea mokhoa ona oa molumo. Tšebeliso e tloaelehileng ea O. e ka har'a polelo, nako.
Mohloli oa O. ha o feto-fetohe, empa ho atolosoa ha tonality, ke hore, ho eketseha ha palo ea li-harmonies ka ho toba kapa ka tsela e sa tobang ho ea bohareng. tonic. Ho fapana le O., modulation in own. moelelo oa lentsoe o lebisa ho thehoeng ha setsi se secha sa matla a khoheli, se boetseng se laolang baahi. O. e matlafatsa kutloano ea tonality e fanoeng ka ho hohela bao e seng diatonic. melumo le li-chords, tseo ka botsona e leng tsa linotlolo tse ling (bona setšoantšo se setšoantšong se leqepheng la 133), empa maemong a ikhethileng li hokahantsoe le ea mantlha e le sebaka se hole haholo (ka hona e 'ngoe ea litlhaloso tsa O.: " Ho tsamaea ka molumo oa bobeli, o etsoang ka har'a molumo oa sehlooho "- VO Berkov). Ha o arola O. ho tloha ho modulations, motho o lokela ho ela hloko: mosebetsi oa mohaho o fanoeng ka foromo; bophara ba selikalikoe sa tonal (bophahamo ba tonality le, ka hona, meeli ea eona) le ho ba teng ha likamano tsa tsamaiso ea tsamaiso (ho etsisa sebopeho se seholo sa mokhoa sebakeng sa eona). Ho ea ka mokhoa oa ts'ebetso, ho bina ho arotsoe ka 'nete (ka likamano tsa subsystemic DT; sena se kenyelletsa SD-T, bona mohlala) le plagal (ka likamano tsa ST; k'hoaere "Khanya" ho tloha opera "Ivan Susanin").
NA Rimsky-Korsakov. "Tale ea Motse o sa Bonahaleng oa Kitezh le Maiden Fevronia", Molao oa IV.
O. li ka khoneha ka bobeli libakeng tse haufi tsa tonal (bona mohlala o ka holimo), le (ka tlase hangata) ho tse hōle (L. Beethoven, concerto ea violin, karolo ea 1, karolo ea ho qetela; hangata e fumanoa mino oa kajeno, mohlala, ho C. S. Prokofiev). O. e ka boela ea e-ba karolo ea mokhoa oa sebele oa ho feto-fetoha ha molumo (L. Beethoven, o kopanya karolo ea 1st ea sonata ea 9 bakeng sa piano: O. ka Fisdur ha modulating ho tloha E-dur ho ea H-dur).
Ho latela nalane, nts'etsopele ea O. e amahanngoa haholo-holo le ho thehoa le ho matlafatsoa ha tsamaiso e bohareng ea tonal e nyenyane Europe. mino (main arr. lekholong la bo17-19 la lilemo). Ketsahalo e amanang le eona ho Nar. le moprofesa oa khale oa Europe. mino (choral, Serussia Znamenny chant) - ho feto-fetoha ha modal le tonal - ho amahanngoa le ho ba sieo ha khoheli e matla le e tsoelang pele ho setsi se le seng (ka hona, ho fapana le O. e nepahetseng, mona moetlong oa sebaka seo ha ho na ho khahloa ke batho ba tloaelehileng) . Tsoelo-pele ea tsamaiso ea lithane tse qalang (musica ficta) e ka 'na ea se e ntse e lebisa ho O. ea sebele (haholo-holo mino oa lekholong la bo16 la lilemo) kapa, bonyane, ho li-preforms tsa bona. E le ntho e tloaelehileng, O. e ne e metse ka metso lekholong la 17th-19th. ’me li bolokiloe karolong eo ea ’mino oa lekholong la bo20 la lilemo, moo meetlo e tsoelang pele ho hōla. lihlopha tsa ho nahana ka tonal (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, IF Stravinsky, B. Bartok, le karolo e 'ngoe ea P. Hindemith). Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho kenya letsoho ha li-harmonies ho tloha ho linotlolo tse ka tlaase ho ea karolong e ka sehloohong ho kentse letsoho historing ho chromatization ea tsamaiso ea tonal, ho fetola e seng ea diatonic. O.'s kutloano setsing sa subordinate ka kotloloho. tonic (F. Liszt, mekoallo ea ho qetela ea sonata ka h-moll; AP Borodin, cadano ea ho qetela ea "Polovtsian Dances" ho tloha opera "Prince Igor").
Phenomena e tšoanang le O. (hammoho le li-modulations) ke tšobotsi ea mefuta e itseng e tsoetseng pele ea bochabela. 'mino (o fumanoang, ka mohlala, li-mugham tsa Azerbaijani "Shur", "Chargah", bona buka ea "Fundamentals of Azerbaijani Folk Music" ea U. Hajibekov, 1945).
Joalo ka mohopolo mohopolo oa O. o tsejoa ho tloha mokatong oa pele. Lekholong la bo1 la lilemo, ha e ne e tsoa mohopolong oa "modulation". Lentsoe la boholo-holo "modulation" (ho tloha modus, mode - fret) joalokaha le sebelisoa ho harmonic. tatellano qalong e ne e bolela ho tsamaisoa ha mokhoa, motsamao ka har'a eona ("se latelang sa kutloano ka mor'a se seng" - G. Weber, 19). Sena se ka bolela ho tloha butle ho tloha ho Ch. linotlolo ho ba bang 'me u khutlele ho eona qetellong, hammoho le phetoho ho tloha senotlolo se seng ho ea ho se seng (IF Kirnberger, 1818). AB Marx (1774), a bitsang sebopeho sohle sa tonal ea modulation ea sengoathoana, ka nako e ts'oanang e khetholla lipakeng tsa phetoho (ka mantsoe a rona, ho feto-fetoha ha molumo ka boeona) le ho kheloha ("ho qoba"). E. Richter (1839) e khetholla mefuta e 'meli ea ho feto-fetoha ha molumo - "ho feta" ("ho sa tlohe ka ho feletseng tsamaisong e kholo", ke hore O.) le "ho atolosoa", ho lokisoa butle-butle, ka cadence ka senotlolo se secha. X. Riemann (1853) o nka li-tonics tsa bobeli mantsoeng e le mesebetsi e bonolo ea senotlolo sa mantlha, empa e le "babusi ba masakaneng" (ka tsela ena a khethang balaoli ba bobeli le ba tlase). G. Schenker (1893) o nka O. e le mofuta oa tatelano ea molumo o le mong mme a bile a khethela e 'ngoe e ka sehloohong ho latela sehlooho sa eona. molumo e le mohato ho Ch. tonality. O. e hlaha, ho latela Schenker, ka lebaka la tšekamelo ea ho chords ho tonize. Tlhaloso ea O. ho latela Schenker:
L. Beethoven. String quartet op. 59 No 1, karolo ea I.
A. Schoenberg (1911) o hatisa tšimoloho ea babusi ba mahlakoreng "ho tloha mekhoeng ea kereke" (mohlala, tsamaisong ea C-dur ho tloha ho mokhoa oa Dorian, ke hore ho tloha lekholong la II la lilemo, tatellano ah-cis-dcb e tla -a le e amanang le eona. chords e-gb, gbd, a-cis-e, fa-cis, joalo-joalo); joalo ka Schenker's, balaoli ba bobeli ba khethoa ke main. molumo ka konopong e kholo (mohlala, ho C-dur egb-des=I). G. Erpf (1927) nyatsa khopolo ea O., pheha khang ea hore "matsoao a tonality motho e mong e ke ke ea e le criterion bakeng sa ho kheloha" (mohlala: lehlakoreng sehlooho sa 1st karolo ea bo21 Beethoven oa sonata, mekoallo 35-38).
PI Tchaikovsky (1871) o khetholla pakeng tsa "evasion" le "modulation"; tlalehong ea mananeo a tumellano, o bapisa “O” ka ho hlaka. le "phetoho" joalo ka mefuta e fapaneng ea modulo. NA Rimsky-Korsakov (1884-1885) e hlalosa O. e le "modulation, eo ho eona tsamaiso e ncha e sa tsitsitseng, empa e ameha hanyenyane feela 'me e tlohe hang-hang ho khutlela tsamaisong ea pele kapa bakeng sa ho kheloha ho hocha"; ho qapa likhetho tsa diatonic. palo ea babusi ba bona, o amohela "modulations nako e khutšoanyane" (ke hore O.); ba tšoaroa joalo ka "ka hare" ch. moaho, tonic to-rogo e bolokiloe mohopolong. Motheong oa khokahano ea tonal lipakeng tsa tonics ho kheloha, SI Taneev o theha mohopolo oa hae oa "ho kopanya tonality" (lilemo tsa bo-90 tsa lekholo la bo19 la lilemo). GL Catuar (1925) o gatelela gore tlhagiso ya ditaele. monahano, e le molao, o amahanngoa le ho busa ha tonality e le 'ngoe; ka hona, O. ka senotlolo sa diatonic kapa kholo-manyane kinship li hlalosoa ke eena e le "bohareng ba tonal", ka sehloohong. tonality ha e tloheloe; Hangata Catoire e amana le sena le mefuta ea nako, e bonolo ea likarolo tse peli le tse tharo. IV Sposobin (ka 30's) o ne a nka puo e le mofuta oa nehelano ea molumo o le mong (hamorao o ile a lahla pono ena). Yu. N. Tyulin o hlalosa ho kenya letsoho ho ka sehloohong. tonality of alteration of introduction tones (matšoao a tonality e amanang) ka "variable tonicity" resp. tse tharo.
References: Tchaikovsky PI, Tataiso ea thuto e sebetsang ea kutloano, 1871 (ed. M., 1872), e tšoanang, Poln. kolla. joalo., vol. III a, M., 1957; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, Harmony Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1884-85, e tšoanang, Poln. kolla. joalo., vol. IV, M., 1960; Catuar G., Thuto ea Khopolo ea kutloano, likarolo 1-2, M., 1924-25; Belyaev VM, "Analysis of modulations in Beethoven's sonatas" - SI Taneeva, bukeng: Buka ea Serussia e buang ka Beethoven, M., 1927; Tsela e sebetsang ea kutloano, karolo ea 1, M., 1935; Sposobin I., Evseev S., Dubovsky I., Tsela e sebetsang ea kutloano, karolo ea 2, M., 1935; Tyulin Yu. N., Ho ruta ka kutloano, v. 1, L., 1937, M., 1966; Taneev SI, Mangolo a eang ho HH Amani, "SM", 1940, No7; Gadzhibekov U., Lintho tsa motheo tsa 'mino oa setso oa Azerbaijan, Baku, 1945, 1957; Sposobin IV, Lipuo tse mabapi le ho lumellana, M., 1969; Kirnberger Ph., Die Kunst des reinen Satzes in der Musik, Bd 1-2, B., 1771-79; Weber G., Versuch einer geordneten Theorie der Tonsezkunst…, Bd 1-3, Mainz, 1818-21; Marx, AV, Allgemeine Musiklehre, Lpz., 1839; Richter E., Lehrbuch der Harmonie Lpz. 1853 (phetolelo ea Serussia, Richter E., Harmony Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1876); Riemann H., Vereinfachte Harmonielehre …, L. – NY, (1893) (phetolelo ea Serussia, Riemann G., Harmony e Nolofalitsoeng, M. – Leipzig, 1901); Schenker H., Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien, Bd 1-3, Stuttg. – V. – W., 1906-35; Schönberg A., Harmonielehre, W., 1911; Erpf H., Studien zur Harmonie und Klangtechnik der neueren Musik, Lpz., 1927.
Yu. H. Kholopov
