Maurice Ravel |

Pherekano ea Maurice

'Mino o monate, ke kholisehile ka sena, kamehla o tsoa pelong ... 'Mino, ke tsitlella ho sena, ho sa tsotellehe hore na ke eng, e tlameha ho ba monate. M. Ravel

'Mino oa M. Ravel - moqapi e moholo ka ho fetisisa oa Mofora, setsebi se setle sa 'mino oa' mino - o kopanya bonolo ba maikutlo le melumo e sa hlakang ka ho hlaka le ho lumellana ha mefuta. O ngotse lipina tse peli tsa opera (The Spanish Hour, The Child and the Magic), 2 ballets (ho kenyeletsoa Daphnis le Chloe), o sebeletsa sehlopha sa 'mino oa liletsa (Spanish Rhapsody, Waltz, Bolero) , 3 piano concertos, rhapsody for violin "Gypsy", Quartet, Trio, sonatas (bakeng sa violin le cello, violin le piano), lipina tsa piano (ho kenyeletsoa Sonatina, "Metsi a Bapala", "Night Gaspar", "Noble and waltzes maikutlo", "Reflections", "The Tomb of Couperin" , likarolo tsa tsona li nehetsoe mohopolong oa metsoalle ea moqapi ea shoeleng nakong ea Ntoa ea Pele ea Lefatše), libini, marato. E le moqapi ea sebete, Ravel o bile le tšusumetso e kholo ho baqapi ba bangata ba meloko e ileng ea latela.

O hlahetse lelapeng la moenjiniere oa Switzerland Joseph Ravel. Ntate o ne a e-na le bokhoni ba 'mino, o ne a letsa terompeta le lekolilo hantle. O ile a tsebisa Maurice e monyenyane theknoloji. Thahasello ea mekhoa, lintho tsa ho bapala, lioache li ile tsa lula li e-na le moqapi bophelong bohle ba hae 'me li bile li bontšoa mesebetsing ea hae e mengata (a re hopoleng, ka mohlala, kenyelletso ea Hora ea opera ea Sepanishe ka setšoantšo sa lebenkele la moetsi oa lioache). 'Mè oa moqapi o ne a tsoa lelapeng la Basque, leo moqapi a neng a le motlotlo ka lona. Ravel o ile a sebelisa khafetsa tšōmo ea 'mino oa sechaba sena se sa tloaelehang ka bokamoso bo sa tloaelehang mosebetsing oa hae (piano Trio) mme o bile a emola Concerto ea Piano ka lihlooho tsa Basque. 'Mè o ile a khona ho theha sepakapaka sa kutloano le kutloisiso ka lapeng, e leng se loketseng nts'etsopele ea tlhaho ea litalenta tsa tlhaho tsa bana. Hona joale ka June 1875 lelapa le ile la fallela Paris, moo bophelo bohle ba moqapi bo amanang teng.

Ravel o ile a qala ho ithuta 'mino ha a le lilemo li 7. Ka 1889, o ile a kenela Paris Conservatoire, moo a ileng a fumana lengolo sehlopheng sa piano sa C. Berio (mora oa sebapali se tummeng sa fiolo) ka moputso oa pele tlhōlisanong ea 1891 (ea bobeli. moputso o ile oa haptjoa selemong seo ke moletsi oa piano e moholo oa Lefora A. Cortot). Ho fumana lengolo la Conservatory sehlopheng sa lipina ha hoa ka ha thabisa Ravel hakaalo. Kaha o ne a qalile ho ithuta sehlopheng sa kutloano sa E. Pressar, a nyahamisitsoe ke takatso e feteletseng ea seithuti sa hae bakeng sa ho arohana, o ile a tsoela pele ka lithuto tsa hae sehlopheng sa counterpoint le fugue sa A. Gedalzh, 'me ho tloha ka 1896 o ile a ithuta ho qapa le G. Fauré, eo, le hoja a ne a le sehlopheng sa bo-fugue sa A. Gedalzh. e ne e se oa babuelli ba lintho tse ncha tse feteletseng, a ananela talenta ea Ravel, tatso ea hae le sebopeho sa hae, 'me a boloka boikutlo bo mofuthu ho seithuti sa hae ho fihlela qetellong ea matsatsi a hae. Molemong oa ho fumana mangolo ho tloha setsing sa polokelo ea boithabiso le moputso le ho fumana lihlapiso bakeng sa ho lula lilemo tse 'ne Italy, Ravel o ile a nka karolo litlholisanong makhetlo a 5 (1900-05), empa ha a ka a fuoa moputso oa pele, mme ka 1905, kamora tlhahlobo ea pele, o ne a bile a sa lumelloa ho nka karolo tlholisanong e kholo . Haeba re hopola hore ka nako ena Ravel o ne a se a ntse a qapa likotoana tsa piano tse kang "Pavane for the Death of the Infanta", "Play of Water", hammoho le String Quartet - mesebetsi e khanyang le e thahasellisang e ileng ea hapa lerato hang-hang. ea sechaba 'me o ile a lula ho fihlela letsatsing lena e mong oa ka ho fetisisa repertoire ea mesebetsi ea hae, qeto ea lekhotla le tla bonahala e makatsa. Sena ha sea ka sa siea sechaba sa 'mino sa Paris se sa tsotelle. Puisano e ile ea qhoma maqepheng a khatiso, moo Fauré le R. Rolland ba ileng ba nka lehlakore la Ravel. Ka lebaka la "nyeoe ea Ravel" ena, T. Dubois o ile a qobelloa ho tlohela mosebetsi oa mookameli oa Conservatory, Fauré e ile ea e-ba mohlahlami oa hae. Ravel ka boeena ha aa ka a hopola ketsahalo ena e sa thabiseng, esita le har'a metsoalle e haufi-ufi.

Ho se rate tlhokomelo e feteletseng ea sechaba le mekete ea semolao e ne e le ntho ea tlhaho ho eena bophelong bohle ba hae. Kahoo, ka 1920, o ile a hana ho amohela Order of the Legion of Honor, le hoja lebitso la hae le ile la hatisoa lethathamong la ba ileng ba fuoa likhau. "Nyee" ena e ncha ea "Ravel" e ile ea boela ea baka molumo o moholo khatisong ea litaba. O ne a sa rate ho bua ka yona. Leha ho le joalo, ho hana taelo le ho se rate ho tlotla ho hang ha ho bontše ho iphapanya ha moqapi bophelong ba sechaba. Kahoo, nakong ea Ntoa ea Pele ea Lefatše, ha ho boleloa hore ha a tšoanelehe bakeng sa tšebeletso ea sesole, o batla ho romeloa ka pele, pele e le motho ea nang le taolo, ebe joale e le mokhanni oa literaka. Ke feela boiteko ba hae ba ho kena sefofaneng bo ileng ba hlōleha (ka lebaka la pelo e kulang). Hape o ne a sa iphapanyetse mokhatlo oa 1914 oa "Selekane sa Sechaba sa Tšireletso ea 'Mino oa Fora" le tlhoko ea sona ea ho se etse mesebetsi ea baqapi ba Majeremane Fora. O ile a ngolla “Liki” lengolo le neng le ipelaetsa khahlanong le ho se nahanele ho joalo ha naha.

Liketsahalo tse ileng tsa eketsa mefuta e mengata bophelong ba Ravel e ne e le maeto. O ne a rata ho tloaelana le linaha lisele, bocheng ba hae o ne a bile a il’o sebeletsa Bochabela. Toro ea ho etela Bochabela e ne e reretsoe ho phethahala qetellong ea bophelo. Ka 1935 o ile a etela Morocco, a bona lefatše le tsotehang, le tsotehang la Afrika. Ha a le tseleng e eang Fora, o ile a feta metse e ’maloa ea Spain, ho akarelletsa le Seville le lirapa tsa eona, matšoele a mahlahahlaha, lintoa tsa lipoho. Ka makhetlo a ’maloa moqapi o ile a etela naheng ea habo, a ea moketeng oa ho tlotla ho behoa letlapa la sehopotso ntlong eo a hlahetseng ho eona. Ka metlae, Ravel o ile a hlalosa mokete o tiileng oa boinehelo ho tlotla ea ngaka ea Univesithi ea Oxford. Har'a maeto a likonsarete, a thahasellisang ka ho fetisisa, a fapaneng le a atlehileng e ne e le leeto la likhoeli tse 'nè la Amerika le Canada. Moqapi o ile a tšela naha ho tloha bochabela ho ea bophirimela le ho tloha leboea ho ea ka boroa, likonsarete hohle li ne li tšoaroa ka tlhōlo, Ravel e bile katleho e le moqapi oa lipina, piano, mokhanni esita le morupeli. Puong ea hae ka 'mino oa mehleng ea kajeno, ka ho khetheha, o ile a khothalletsa baqapi ba Amerika ho hlahisa likarolo tsa jazz ka mafolofolo, ho bontša tlhokomelo e eketsehileng ho blues. Le pele a etela Amerika, Ravel o ile a fumana mosebetsing oa hae ketsahalo ena e ncha e mebala-bala ea lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo.

Karolo ea motjeko esale e hohela Ravel. Sekoahelo sa nalane ea nalane ea "Waltz" ea hae e khahlehang le e bohloko, "Noble and Sentimental Waltzes" e fokolang le e hloekisitsoeng, morethetho o hlakileng oa "Bolero", Malagueña le Habaner ba tsoang "Spanish Rhapsody", Pavane, Minuet, Forlan le Rigaudon ho tsoa "Tomb of Couperin" - metjeko ea sejoale-joale le ea khale ea lichaba tse fapaneng e fetotsoe mohopolong oa 'mino oa moqapi hore e be lipina tse monate tse sa tloaelehang.

Moqapi ha aa ka a lula a sa utloe litsebeng tsa bonono ba linaha tse ling ("Five Greek Melodies", "Two Jewish Songs", "Four Folk Songs" bakeng sa lentsoe le piano). Takatso ea setso sa Serussia ha e shoe ka seletsa se khabane sa "Litšoantšo Pontšong" ea M. Mussorgsky. Empa bonono ba Spain le Fora bo ne bo lula bo le sebakeng sa pele bakeng sa hae.

Ho ba setho sa setso sa Ravel ho bonahala maemong a hae a bokhabane, khethong ea litaba bakeng sa mesebetsi ea hae, le ka har'a lipuo tsa hae. Ho feto-fetoha ha maemo le ho nepahala ha sebopeho ka ho hlaka ha harmonic le bohale ho etsa hore a amana le JF Rameau le F. Couperin. Tšimoloho ea maikutlo a nepahetseng a Ravel mabapi le mokhoa oa ho bua o boetse o thehiloe ho bonono ba Fora. Ha a khetha litemana tsa mesebetsi ea hae ea mantsoe, o ile a supa liroki tse haufi haholo le eena. Tsena ke litšoantšetso S. Mallarme le P. Verlaine, haufi le bonono ba Parnassians C. Baudelaire, E. Guys ka phetheho e hlakileng ea temana ea hae, baemeli ba Renaissance ea Fora C. Maro le P. Ronsard. Ravel e ile ea e-ba ntho e sa tloaelehang ho liroki tsa lerato, tse senyang mefuta ea bonono ka maikutlo a sefefo.

Ka ponahalo ea Ravel, likarolo tsa motho ka mong tsa Sefora li ile tsa hlahisoa ka botlalo, mosebetsi oa hae ka tlhaho le ka tlhaho o kena ponong e akaretsang ea bonono ba Mafora. Ke kopa ho beha A. Watteau boemong le eena ka botle bo bonolo ba lihlopha tsa hae serapeng sa boikhathollo le mesarelo ea Pierrot e patehileng lefats'eng, N. Poussin ka botle bo khutsitseng bo hlollang ba "balisa ba hae ba Arcadian", motsamao o monate oa litšoantšo tse nolofalitsoeng-tse nepahetseng tsa O. Renoir.

Le hoja Ravel a bitsoa ka nepo moqapi oa impressionist, litšobotsi tsa impressionism li ile tsa iponahatsa feela mesebetsing e meng ea hae, athe ho tse ling, ho hlaka hoa khale le karolo ea meaho, bohloeki ba setaele, ho hlaka ha mela le mabenyane a mokhabiso oa lintlha. .

Joalo ka monna oa lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo Ravel o ile a leboha lerato la hae la theknoloji. Limela tse ngata-ngata li ile tsa mo thabisa e le kannete ha a ntse a tsamaea le metsoalle ka seketsoana: “Limela tse hlollang ka botle, tse sa tloaelehang. Haholo-holo e 'ngoe - e shebahala joaloka kathedrale ea Romanesque e entsoeng ka tšepe e entsoeng ka tšepe ... Mokhoa oa ho fetisetsa ho uena maikutlo a sebaka sena sa tšepe, likathedrale tsena tse tletseng mollo, molumo ona o babatsehang oa liloli, lerata la mabanta a koloi, lerata la lihamore wela ho wena. Ka holim'a tsona ho na le leholimo le lefubelu, le lefifi le le tukang ... Ke 'mino o mokae. Ka sebele ke tla e sebelisa.” Ho hatakela ha tšepe mehleng ea kajeno le ho tsikitlanya ha tšepe ho ka utluoa ho e ’ngoe ea lingoloa tse tsotehang ka ho fetisisa tsa moqapi, Concerto for the Left Hand, e ngoletsoeng moletsi oa piano oa Austria P. Wittgenstein, ea ileng a lahleheloa ke letsoho la hae le letona ntoeng.

Lefa la pōpo ea moqapi ha le tsotehe ka palo ea mesebetsi, hangata molumo oa bona o monyenyane. Miniaturism e joalo e amahanngoa le ho ntlafatsoa ha polelo, ho ba sieo ha "mantsoe a eketsehileng". Ho fapana le Balzac, Ravel o bile le nako ea ho "ngola lipale tse khutšoane". Re ka hakanya feela ka ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e amanang le ts'ebetso ea pōpo, hobane moqapi o ne a khetholloa ke sephiri ka bobeli litabeng tsa pōpo le tšimong ea liphihlelo tsa botho, bophelo ba moea. Ha ho motho ea ileng a bona kamoo a qapileng kateng, ha hoa ka ha fumanoa litšoantšo kapa litšoantšo, mesebetsi ea hae ha ea ka ea hlahisa mesaletsa ea liphetoho. Leha ho le joalo, ho nepahala ho tsotehang, ho nepahala ha lintlha tsohle le li-shades, ho hloeka ka ho fetisisa le tlhaho ea mela - ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e bua ka tlhokomelo ho "ntho e nyenyane" e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, ea mosebetsi oa nako e telele.

Ravel ha se e mong oa baqapi ba ntlafatso ba ileng ba fetola ka boomo mokhoa oa ho hlalosa le ho ntlafatsa lihlooho tsa bonono. Takatso ea ho fetisetsa ho batho hore ka botebo, e haufi-ufi, eo a neng a sa rate ho e hlalosa ka mantsoe, e ile ea mo qobella ho bua ka puo ea 'mino ea bokahohle, e entsoeng ka tlhaho le e utloisisoang. Mefuta e fapaneng ea lihlooho tsa boqapi ba Ravel e pharalletse haholo. Hangata moqapi o fetohela maikutlong a tebileng, a hlakileng le a makatsang. 'Mino oa hae o lula o le botho ka mokhoa o makatsang, botle ba oona le litsela tsa oona li haufi le batho. Ravel ha e batle ho rarolla lipotso tsa filosofi le mathata a bokahohle, ho fana ka lihlooho tse fapaneng mosebetsing o le mong le ho fumana khokahano ea liketsahalo tsohle. Ka linako tse ling ha a lebise tlhokomelo ea hae ho e le 'ngoe feela - maikutlo a bohlokoa, a tebileng le a mangata, maemong a mang, ka leseli la masoabi a patiloeng le a hlabang, o bua ka botle ba lefats'e. Kamehla ke batla ho bua le sebini sena ka kutlo le tlhokomeliso, eo bonono ba hae bo haufi-ufi le bo bobebe bo fumaneng tsela ea bona ho batho mme bo hapile lerato la bona la nnete.

V. Bazarnova

• Likarolo tsa ponahalo ea boqapi ea Ravel →
• Piano e sebetsa ka Ravel →
• Impressionism ea 'mino oa Sefora →

Liqapi:

opereishene – The Spanish Hour (L'heure espagnole, comic opera, free by M. Frank-Noen, 1907, post. 1911, Opera Comic, Paris), Child and Magic (L'enfant et les sortilèges, lyric fantasy, opera-ballet , mahala GS Colet, 1920-25, e behiloeng ka 1925, Monte Carlo); ballet – Daphnis and Chloe (Daphnis et Chloé, choreographic symphony in 3 parts, lib. MM Fokina, 1907-12, set in 1912, Chatelet shopping mall, Paris), Florine’s Dream, kapa Mother Goose (Ma mère l 'oye, e thehiloeng ho likotoana tsa piano tsa lebitso le tšoanang, mahala R., e hlophisitsoeng ka 1912 “Tr of the Arts”, Paris), Adelaide, kapa Puo ea Lipalesa (Adelaide ou Le langage des fleurs, e ipapisitseng le potoloho ea piano Noble and Sentimental Waltzes, mahala R., 1911, e hlophisitsoeng ka 1912, Châtelet store, Paris); cantatas - Mirra (1901, ha e hatisoe), Alsion (1902, e sa hatisoang), Alice (1903, ha e hatisoe); bakeng sa okhestra – Scheherazade Overture (1898), Spanish Rhapsody (Rapsodie espagnole: Prelude of the Night – Prélude à la nuit, Malagenya, Habanera, Feeria; 1907), Waltz (choreographic poem, 1920), Jeanne's Fan (L eventail de Jeanne. fanfare , 1927), Bolero (1928); likonsarete le okhestra - 2 bakeng sa pianoforte (D-dur, bakeng sa letsoho le letšehali, 1931; G-dur, 1931); li-ensembles tsa liletsa tsa kamore - Li-sonata tse 2 tsa violin le piano (1897, 1923-27), Lullaby lebitsong la Faure (Berceuse sur le nom de Faure, bakeng sa fiolo le piano, 1922), sonata bakeng sa violin le cello (1920-22), piano trio (a-moll, 1914), quartet ea likhoele (F-dur, 1902-03), Selelekela le Allegro bakeng sa harepa, quartet ea likhoele, flute le clarinet (1905-06); bakeng sa piano 2 matsoho – Grotesque Serenade (Sérénade grotesque, 1893), Antique Minuet (Menuet antique, 1895, also orc. version), Pavane of the dead infante (Pavane pour une infante défunte, 1899, also orc. version), Metsi a bapalang (Jeux d') eau, 1901), sonatina (1905), Reflections (Miroirs: Bosiu lirurubele - Noctuelles, linonyana tse bohloko - Oiseaux tristes, Boat in the ocean - Une barque sur l océan (hape orc. version), Alborada, kapa Morning serenade of the jester – Alborada del gracioso (hape Orc version), Valley of the Ringings – La vallée des cloches; 1905), Gaspard of the Night (Lithothokiso tse tharo ka mor’a Aloysius Bertrand, Gaspard de la nuit, trois poémes d aprés Aloysius Bertrand ke e tsejoang hape e le Ghosts of the Night: Ondine, Gallows - Le gibet, Scarbo; 1908), Minuet ka lebitso la Haydn (Menuet sur le nom d Haydn, 1909), Noble and sentimental waltzes (Valses nobles et sentimentales, 1911), Prelude (1913), In the manner of … Borodin, Chabrier (A la maniére de … Borodine, Chabrier, 1913), Suite Couperin's Tomb (Le tombeau de Couperin, prelude, fugue (hape e le mofuta oa liletsa), forlana, rigaudon, minuet (hape le mofuta oa liletsa), toccata, 1917); bakeng sa piano 4 matsoho – ‘M’e khantsi (Ma mère l’oye: Pavane to the Beauty a robetse morung – Pavane de la belle au bois dormant, Moshanyana oa monoana – Petit poucet, Ugly, empress of the Pagodas – Laideronnette, impératrice des pagodes, Beauty and the Sebata – Les entretiens de la belle et de la bête, Fairy Garden – Le jardin féerique; 1908), Frontispiece (1919); bakeng sa piano tse 2 – Auditory landscapes (Les sites auriculaires: Habanera, Har’a litloloko – Entre cloches; 1895-1896); bakeng sa fiolo le piano - litoro tsa konsarete Gypsy (Tzigane, 1924; hape le sehlopha sa 'mino oa liletsa); likwayara – Lipina tse tharo (Trois chansons, for mixed choir a cappella, lyrics by Ravel: Nicoleta, Linonyana tse tharo tse ntle tsa paradeise, U se ke ua ea morung oa Ormonda; 1916); bakeng sa lentsoe le nang le okhestra kapa sehlopha sa liletsa - Scheherazade (e nang le liletsa tsa 'mino oa liletsa, mantsoe a T. Klingsor, 1903), lithothokiso tse tharo tsa Stefan Mallarmé (ka piano, quartet ea likhoele, liphala tse 2 le li-clarinets tse 2: Feheloa - Soupir, Boipiletso ba lefeela - Sebaka se se nang thuso, Holima pere e mathang. – Surgi de la croupe et du bond; 1913), Madagascar songs (Chansons madécasses, with flute, cello and piano, lyrics by ED Guys: Beauty Naandova, Se tšepe makhooa, Robala hantle mochesong; 1926); bakeng sa lentsoe le piano – Ballad of a Queen of a death of love (Ballade de la reine morte d aimer, lyrics by Mare, 1894), Dark Dream (Un grand sommeil noir, lyrics by P. Verlaine, 1895), Holy (Sainte, lyrics by Mallarme, 1896 ), Two epigrams (lyrics by Marot, 1898), Song of the spinning wheel (Chanson du ronet, lyrics by L. de Lisle, 1898), Gloominess (Si morne, lyrics by E. Verharn, 1899), Cloak of flowers (Manteau de fleurs, lyrics by Gravolle, 1903, also with orc.), Christmas of toys (Noël des jouets, lyrics by R., 1905, le orchestra.), Meea e meholo ea mose ho maoatle (Les grands vents venus d'outre- mer, lyrics by AFJ de Regnier, 1906), Natural History (Histoires naturelles, lyrics by J. Renard, 1906, hape le sehlopha sa liletsa), On the Grass (Sur l'herbe, mantsoe a Verlaine, 1907), Vocalise ka sebōpeho ea Habanera (1907), 5 folk Greek melodies (e fetoletsoeng ke M. Calvocoressi, 1906), Nar. lipina (Sepanish, Sefora, Setaliana, Sejuda, Scotland, Flemish, Serussia; 1910), lipina tse peli tsa Sejuda (1914), Ronsard - ho moea oa hae (Ronsard à son âme, mantsoe a P. de Ronsard, 1924), Dreams (Reves , mantsoe a LP Farga, 1927), Lipina Tse Tharo tsa Don Quixote ho Dulciné (Don Quichotte a Dulciné, mantsoe a P. Moran, 1932, hape le sehlopha sa liletsa); 'mino oa liletsa - Antar, likhechana tsa symphony. li-suites "Antar" le opera-ballet "Mlada" ea Rimsky-Korsakov (1910, e sa hatisoang), Selelekela sa "Son of the Stars" ka Sati (1913, ha sea hatisoa), Nocturne ea Chopin, Etude le Waltz (ha e hatisoe) , "Carnival" ea Schumann (1914), "Pompous Minuet" ea Chabrier (1918), "Sarabande" le "Dance" ea Debussy (1922), "Litšoantšo tsa Pontšo" ea Mussorgsky (1922); litokisetso (bakeng sa piano tse 2) - "Nocturnes" le "Selelekela sa Thapama ea Faun" ka Debussy (1909, 1910).