Lisebelisoa tsa 'mino |

Liletsa mino - lisebelisoa tse etselitsoeng ho ntša morethetho o hlophisitsoeng le o tsitsitseng ka melumo ea molumo kapa morethetho o hlophisitsoeng hantle, hammoho le lerata. Lintho tse etsang melumo e sa hlophisoang le lerata (mallet ea balebeli ba bosiu, rattle ea litsomi, arched bell, meloli), kapa lintho tse qhekellang tse etsisang pina ea linonyana le sello sa liphoofolo tse sebelisoang ho tsoma, hammoho le lisebelisoa tse sebetsang e le lisebelisoa tse khethehileng. merero ea pontšo, tlas'a maemo a itseng e ka sebelisoa ka bobeli e le M. le. Ho boetse ho na le M. le. morero o sebelisitsoeng, o sebelisetsoa merero ea litšebeletso (moropa oa shaman, Buddhist ghan-dan le bure, Nivkh partigre); ka linako tse ling li sebelisetsoa ho tsamaisana le li-bunks. metjeko (Est. kraatsspill, Latvian, tridexnis, chagana, eglite). Sena se kenyelletsa lisebelisoa, ka thuso ea tsona ka symphony. (opera) 'mino oa liletsa o hlahisa lialuma, moea o llang, sephali se petsolang, joalo-joalo. bonono. mesebetsi, mohlala. litloloko tsa kereke ka leleme le emisitsoeng ka bolokolohi. Ho M. le. Li-litas le tsona li kenyelelitsoe. Toshalya kapa Latvia. berzstaase, e entsoeng ka makhapetla a birch, Mari efi ho tloha lekhasi la lilac, Seukraine. lusk ho tloha horn flake, joalo-joalo; ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tse tšoanang. libini ka bokhabane li letsa meloli e rarahaneng haholo, li li hlomella haholo ka litemana tse fapaneng le li-melismas.

E mong le e mong M. le. e na le timbre ea tlhaho (tlhaku, mebala) ea molumo, e tobileng. bokgoni ba mahlahahlaha le mefuta e itseng ya medumo. Boleng ba molumo M. le. ho itšetlehile ka thepa e sebelisoang bakeng sa ho etsa sesebelisoa, sebopeho seo ba se filoeng (ke hore, lintlha tsohle tsa likarolo, likopano) 'me li ka fetoloa ka ho eketsa. disebediswa (mohlala, dimumu), decomp. mekhoa ea ho ntša molumo (mohlala, pizzicato, harmonic, joalo-joalo).

M. ke. Ho tloaelehile ho amoheloa ho aroloa ka batho le litsebi. Ea pele e entsoe har'a batho 'me e sebelisoa bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi le bonono ba' mino. tshebetso. Lisebelisoa tse tšoanang li ka ba tsa batho ba le bang kapa ba lichaba tse fapaneng, tse amanang le morabe. kamano kapa nako e telele. likamano tsa histori le setso. Kahoo, feela Ukraine ho na le bandura, 'me Georgia - panduri le chonguri. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bochabela. Ma-Slavs - Marussia, Ma-Ukraine, Ma-Belarusian - nakong e fetileng 'me hona joale a sebelisa lisebelisoa tse tloaelehileng - gusli, sniffle (sniffle, pipe), zhaleika (lenaka), bagpipe (dudu), wheel lyre, Azerbaijan le Armenia - saz, tar, kemancha , zurnu, duduk; Uzbekistan le Tajikistan, hoo e ka bang liletsa tsohle lia tšoana. Prof. bongata bo bongata ba lisebelisoa bo entsoe ka lebaka la ntlafatso le tokiso ea nar. lisebelisoa. Kahoo, ho etsa mohlala, nakong e fetileng, feela Nar. seletsa e ne e le violin, fiolo ea morao-rao e ile ea hlaha ho batho ba bonolo ka ho fetisisa. folutu, ho tloha chalumeau ea khale - clarinet, joalo-joalo Ka tloaelo setsebi se kenyelletsa M. le., e leng karolo ea symphony. (opera), moea le estr. lihlopha tsa 'mino oa liletsa, hammoho le koporo le likhoele. keyboards (organ, piano, nakong e fetileng - harpsichord, clavichord). Linaheng tse 'maloa (India, Iran, Turkey, China, joalo-joalo) li bapala hoo e batlang e le liletsa tsa' mino tsa setso feela, 'me bonono ba ho bapala liletsa tse joalo ke mehlala ea litsebi tse phahameng linaheng tsena. Leha ho le joalo, moelelong oa liletsa tsa 'mino oa Europe haholo-holo litloaelo tsa keyboard, tseo liphatsa tsa lefutso li sa amaneng ka ho toba le litso tsa setso, li khetholloa ka molao e le prof. M. le.; moralo oa bona, botekgeniki-etsang le bonono-express. likarolo li entsoe ka botlalo.

Ho hlaha ha M. le. ke ea mehleng ea boholo-holo. Ba bang ba bona, mohlala. linaka le liphala tsa khale tse entsoeng ka lesapo, baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ba li fumana nakong ea ho epolloa ha libaka tsa bolulo tsa batho ba mehleng ea Paleolithic. ka liemahale tsa Neolithic. ho na le meropa e lehlakoreng le le leng, mahlaka a moea (joaloka shawl kapa chalumeau), li-xylophone tsa khale le liphala tse nang le masoba a ho bapala. Likhoele li hlahile hamorao ho feta tse ling. M. ke. - liharepa tse bonolo ka ho fetisisa, tse bōpehileng joaloka lute le sebōpeho sa tanbur, empa hape li ne li tsejoa ke batho ba itseng khale pele ho BC. e. Ho na le likhopolo-taba tse fapaneng tsa tšimoloho ea M. le. Ho nahanoa hore qalong tsena e ne e le lisebelisoa tsa ho bontša le hore ka tsela e itseng li ne li amana le mekhoa ea mosebetsi oa batho ba khale. Leha ho le joalo, joalokaha ho pakoa ke thepa ea baepolli ba lintho tsa khale, e seng e sa le qalong ea tsoelo-pele ea mokhatlo oa batho, ho ne ho e-na le lithulusi tse neng li etsa 'mino feela le bokhabane. mosebetsi: liphala tse nang le masoba a ho bapala, tse u lumellang ho ntša melumo ea bophahamo bo fapaneng ba sekala se tsitsitseng hantle (se bontšang ho hlaha ha tsamaiso ea 'mino e nang le moelelo), likhoele. liletsa tse loketseng ho bapala 'mino feela, dec. mefuta ea li-castanets tse tsamaeang le metjeko e le 'ngoe le ea sehlopha, joalo-joalo Ka thuso ea ho letsa 'mino. litšoantšiso li ne li ka sebelisa liphaephe tsa lipontšo le manaka.

Phetoho ea M. le., ho ruisa lisebelisoa ho ile ha ea ka ho toba. khokahano le tsoelopele e akaretsang ea batho, setso sa bona, mmino, phetha. litseko le mekhoa ea tlhahiso. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ba bang ba M. le., ka lebaka la lintho tse ikhethang tsa moralo oa bona, ba theohetse ho rona ka mokhoa oa bona oa pele (mohlala, li-castanets tsa majoe tsa Uzbek - kayrak), tse ling li ntlafalitsoe, tse ling tsa M. le. le litlhoko tsa botle, li ile tsa khaotsa ho sebelisoa ’me tsa nkeloa sebaka ke tse ncha. Palo le mefuta e fapaneng ea M. le. e ntse e eketseha. Muses. bonono, ha bo ntse bo ntlafatsoa, ​​bo ne bo hloka mekhoa e loketseng ea ho bua, ’me liletsa tse tsoetseng pele haholoanyane tsa ’mino li ile tsa tlatsetsa khōlong e tsoelang pele ea ’mino. boiqapelo le tshebetso. qoso. Leha ho le joalo, hase kamehla tekanyo ea mefuta-futa le botekgeniki. Linaha tsa M. le. e ka sebetsa e le tekanyo ea boemo ba ’mino. setso. Batho ba bang, ba khetha mok. 'mino, a bōpa M. le. ka bongata le ho li sebelisa Ch. arr. joalo ka sehlopha sa mmino se tsamaeang le eena. ho bina. Joalo, mohlala, thepa. chonguri le panduri, kapa tsona feela, ha e le hantle, horai har'a Bashkirs le khomys har'a Yakuts. Ka nako e ts'oanang, tsebo ea ho bapala kurai le khomys, le 'mino o etsoang ho tsona, li fihlile phethehong e kholo har'a batho bana.

Ka ho hlaka ka ho hlaka khokahano ea M. le. ka boiqapelo le ts'ebetso, khetho le ntlafatso ea bona li ka saloa morao lefapheng la moprofesa. 'mino ('minong oa setso, lits'ebetso tsena li tsoela pele butle haholo, 'me liletsa tsa' mino li lula li sa fetohe kapa li fetoha hanyane ka lilemo tse makholo). Kahoo, lilemong tse makholo a 15-16. li-fidel (li-viel) tse nang le molumo oa tsona o thata li ile tsa nkeloa sebaka ke liviole tse letsoang hamonate, tse matte timbre, tsa “bahlomphehi”. Ka lilemo tse 17-18. mabapi le ntshetsopele ya homophonic harmonic. setaele le ho hlaha ha 'mino o hlokang ts'ebetso e fapaneng ka matla, viola e ile ea nkeloa sebaka ke fiolo le lelapa la eona, tse nang le molumo o hlakileng, o hlakileng le menyetla ea ho bapala virtuoso. Ka nako e le 'ngoe le li-viola, lekolilo le bonolo, empa le "sa phele" la molumo o molelele, le ile la se ke la sebelisoa, 'me la fetoha lekolilo le hlabang haholo le ka botsebi. Ka nako e tšoanang, 'mino oa Europe o ne o se o se o sa sebelisoe hammoho le liletsa tsa 'mino oa liletsa. lute le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea eona - theorbo le chitarron (arch-lute), 'me' mino oa lapeng o etsang lute o ile oa nkeloa sebaka ke vihuela, joale katara. Ho con. Lekholong la bo18 la lilemo harpsichord e ile ea nkeloa sebaka ke M. le. – piano.

Prof. 'Mino oa' mino, ka lebaka la ho rarahana ha moralo oa bona, o itšetlehile haholo ka 'mino oa setso tsoelo-peleng ea oona ka boemo ba saense e nepahetseng le mekhoa ea tlhahiso-ho ba teng ha li-muses. lifeme le limela tse nang le lilaboratori tsa tsona tsa liteko le baetsi ba lisebelisoa ba hloahloa. Mekhelo feela ke liletsa tsa violin. malapa a hlokang tlhahiso ea motho ka mong. Li-violin, li-cellos, li-bass tse peli li ile tsa ntlafatsoa motheong oa mehlala ea batho ba tummeng ba Brescia le Cremonese masters a makholo a 16-18th. (G. da Salo, G. Magini, N. Amati, A. Stradivari, Guarneri del Gesù, le ba bang) ba ntse ba e-na le melemo e mengata ea bona. Kholiso e matla ka ho fetisisa ea moprofesa. M. ke. e etsahetse lekholong la bo18 le la bo19 la lilemo. Pōpo ea T. Böhm ea moralo o mocha oa lekolilo le tsamaiso ea valve (mohlala oa pele o hlahile ka 1832) e ile ea atolosa menyetla ea ho qapa ea baqapi 'me ea kenya letsoho ho nts'etsopele ea bonono ba ho bapala ba solo. Phetoho ea sebele e ile ea tlisoa ke ho hlaha qalong ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo. mechine ea li-valve ka lisebelisoa tsa koporo. Ka lebaka la sena, ba ile ba furalla seo ho thoeng ke. tlhaho M. le. (e nang le melumo e lekanyelitsoeng, ka hona e na le menyetla e fokolang) ho chromatic, e khonang, joalo ka melumo ea lehong, ea ho hlahisa 'mino ofe kapa ofe. Root stylist. phetoho ea 'mino oa mefuta eohle bakeng sa liletsa tsa keyboard e likhoele e etsahetse ka ho fihla ha hamore-piano, e ileng ea nka sebaka sa harpsichord le clavichord. Ka ho qaptjoa ha motlakase le seea-le-moea, ho hahoa ha liletsa tsa 'mino tsa motlakase ho ile ha khoneha.

Ka tekanyo e fokolang (ka lebaka la ho apara ka bomong) ba itšetlehile ka boemo ba theknoloji. M. ke. Leha ho le joalo, le mona, ntle le tlhahiso ea matsoho le fektheri e lekaneng, ho ke ke ha khoneha ho hlahisa li-harmonicas tse ngata, tse ntlafalitsoeng "Andreev" balalaikas le domras (Russia), lisebelisoa tsa tamburash (Czechoslovakia le Yugoslavia), tarogata (Hungary le Romania), joalo-joalo. .Ntswelopele ya batho. M. ke. e itšetlehile ka ho toba ka maemo a sechaba sechabeng. USSR, ka lebaka la nts'etsopele ea nat. art-va, hammoho le ho phahama ka kakaretso moruong le setso sa li-bunks tse pharaletseng. matšoele a lirephabliki le libaka tse ikemetseng a ile a qala ho hlahisa tse ngata. instr. lihlopha, mosebetsi o ile oa qala ho tsosolosa, ho tsosolosa le ho ntlafatsa li-bunks. M. le., ho rala malapa a bona bakeng sa ensemble le 'mino oa liletsa, to-rogo o ne a sa tsebe pele. batho. E metseng ka tieo eseng feela ho prof. le ho iketsetsa ka bowena. tshebetso e le 'ngoe le e kopanetsoeng, empa hape le ka setso. bophelo ba mmino joalo M. le. tsamaiso e ntlafetseng, joaloka bandura ea Ukraine, licymbala Belarus, kankles le birbin Lithuania, mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea likanelo tsa Estonia, dutar, Kashgar rubab le chang ka Uzbekistan, dombra Kazakhstan, joalo-joalo.

Mabapi le ho atolosoa ha repertoire ea batho ba sa tsebeng letho. le moprofesa. li-ensembles le liletsa tsa liletsa, ho kenyelletsoa ha 'mino ho eona. classics le lihlahisoa baqapi ba mehleng ea kajeno (ho kenyeletsoa mefuta e meholo), hammoho le ka lebaka la ho phahama ka kakaretso moetlong oa 'mino oa batho ba USSR, batšoantšisi, lihlopha le lihlopha tsa liletsa tsa batho. lisebelisoa li ile tsa qala ho sebelisa boima le moprofesa. M. ke. - katara, accordion ea konopo, accordion, violin, clarinet, le tse ling. likhetla - phala, terompeta le trombone.

Mefuta e fapaneng ea mofuta oa M. e teng lefatšeng le. e kgolohadi. Systematizing M. le., li kopantsoe ka lihlopha ho latela c.-l. litšobotsi tsa sebopeho. Mekhoa ea khale ka ho fetisisa ea ho arola ke Maindia le Machaena; ea pele e khetholla M. le. ho ea ka mokhoa oa ho tsosoa ha molumo, oa bobeli - ho ea ka mofuta oa thepa eo sesebelisoa se entsoeng ka eona. Hangata e amoheloa ho arola M. le. ka lihlopha tse 3: moea, likhoele le molumo oa molumo. Lihlopha, ka lehlakoreng le leng, li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse nyenyane: moea - ho ba lehong le koporo, le khoele - ho khaoha le ho inama. Mohloli oa molumo oa liletsa tsa moea ke tšiea ea moea e kentsoeng mocheng oa moqomo, liletsa tsa likhoele - khoele e otlolohileng; Sehlopha sa meletsa se entsoe ka liletsa tseo molumo o hlahisoang ho tsona ka ho otla. Ho moprofesa. moya. lisebelisoa tsa lehong li kenyelletsa lekolilo, oboe, clarinet, bassoon le mefuta ea tsona (piccolo flute, horn English, bassclarinet, contrabassoon), hammoho le lelapa la li-saxophone le li-sarisophone. Ho sa tsotellehe taba ea hore lisebelisoa tse ling (phala ea mehleng ea kajeno le lekolilo la piccolo, saxophones, sarusophones) li entsoe ka tšepe, ha tse ling (clarinet, oboe) ka linako tse ling li entsoe ka polasetiki, li lumellana ka ho feletseng le li-woodwinds ho latela molumo oa molumo le litšobotsi tse tloaelehileng tsa 'mino. Har'a lisebelisoa tsa setso tsa sehlopha sena se senyenyane ke Uzbek-Taj. Nai, Karelian Lira le Luddu, Selatvia. Ganurags, Buryat. bishkur. Sehlotšoana sa liletsa tsa moea tsa koporo (li boetse li bitsoa embouchure kapa mouthpiece) li kenyelletsa terompeta, lenaka, trombone, tuba, le liletsa tsa moea. orchestra (byugelhorns le flugelhorns), ho tloha ho nar. – Uzbek-Taj. Karnay, Seukraine (Hutsul) trembita, Mold. buchum, est. sarv, rus. Linaka tsa Vladimir. Le hoja hoo e ka bang kaofela ha tsona e le tsa lehong, mabapi le tsela eo molumo o ntšoang ka eona le sebōpeho sa oona, ha li fapane haholo le tsa koporo. Sehlopha se senyenyane sa likhoele tse khaotsoeng se na le harepa, katara, mandolin, Kazakh. dombra, Turkm. dutar, rus. gusli le mofuta o tšoanang oa est. Kannel, Latvian. kokle, lit. kankles, Karelian kantele. Tse inameng li kenyelletsa violin le lelapa la eona (viola, cello, li-bass tse peli), Azeri. kemancha, kirg. kyyak, Tuvan byzanchi, Mari kovyzh. Sehlopha sa liletsa se entsoe ka mefuta e mengata ea M. le. e nang le lera la letlalo (timpani, meropa, meropa) kapa e entsoeng ka thepa e khonang ho lla ka boeona (licymbala, gong, triangle, xylophone, castanets, joalo-joalo). Mabitso a keyboard harpsichord, pianoforte (piano e kholo, piano e otlolohileng), organ, harmonium, joalo-joalo.

Lingoliloeng tsa lisebelisoa tsa mahlale li sebelisa mekhoa e rarahaneng, empa hape le litsamaiso tse nepahetseng haholoanyane tsa ho arola (bona. lintlha tse ling ho Art. Instrumentation), e lumellang ho senola ka botlalo le ka botlalo moelelo oa mofuta o mong le o mong oa M. le. E tsebahalang haholo ke sistimi, eo motheo oa eona o ileng oa raloa ke F. Gevaart ("Nouveau traité d'instrumentation", P. - Brux., 1885) 'me ea ntlafatsoa ke V. Маийоном ("Lethathamo le hlalosang le la tlhahlobo la Instrumental Museum of the Royal Conservatory of Music in Brussels", v. 1-5, Ghent 1893-1922). Likarolo tse hlalosang tsa ho arola tsamaisong ke mohloli oa molumo le mokhoa oo o ntšoang ka oona; thuto e eketsehileng M. le. e hlahisoang ho latela likarolo tsa bona tsa moralo. Ka sehloohong melao-motheo ea ho hlophisoa ha Gevaart le Mayon, ka moelelo. li-degree tse amoheloang le ho ntlafatsoa ka hloko hamorao ke E. Hornbostel le K. Sachs ("Systematik der Musikinstrumente", "Zeitschrift für Ethnologie", 1914, (Jahrg.) 46), hangata e sebelisoa ho Sov. lisebelisoa (ntle le ho sithabela ho feteletseng ha lisebelisoa ka mefuta le mefuta). Ho latela tsamaiso e amohetsoeng USSR, M. le. li arotsoe ho ea ka mohloli oa molumo ka lihlopha tse 4: moea (li-aerophone), likhoele (li-chordophone), lera (membranophone) le li-self-sounding (li-idiophone kapa li-autophone). Mohloli oa molumo oa "membrane" ke letlalo le otlolohileng kapa senya sa phoofolo, ho utloahala ho itšehla thajana - lintho tse nang le khatello ea ka hare eo seletsa kapa karolo ea eona ea molumo e etsoang. Ho ea ka mokhoa oa ho ntša molumo, liletsa tsa moea li arotsoe ka li-flute, lehlaka, li-keyboards tsa lehlaka la lehlaka. Likolulo li kenyelletsa mefuta eohle ea lekolilo: sebopeho sa ocarina, longitudinal (seletsa se ts'oaroe sebakeng sa longitudinal) le transverse (seletsa se ts'oaretsoe ka tsela e fapaneng). Ocarinoid - tsena ke mefuta eohle ea liloli tsa vascular le ocarinas; longitudinal li arotsoe ka tse bulehileng, moo lipheletso tse peli tsa kutu li bulehileng (bashk. Kuray, Turkmen. tuyduk, Adyghe kamyl, abkh. apkhertsa), mololi (block-flyer, Belarusian. pipe, Serussia sopel, dag. kshul, Altai shogur), mofuta oa lekolilo le nang le libarele tse ngata (gr. larchemi kapa soinari, hlobo. haholo, Seukraine svyril, kuim-chipsan ea batho ba Komi); har'a tse tummeng ka ho fetesisa tsa sejoale-joale. moprofesa. lekolilo, Seuzbek-Taj. nai, tuvinskaya lembi, buryat. ho hlaka. Lisebelisoa tsa lehlaka li arotsoe ka lisebelisoa tse nang le leleme le sa lefelloeng (Mari lyshtash ho tloha lekhasi la cherry ea nonyana, Adjarian sapratsuna ho tloha lekhasi la walnut, Seukraine. luska ho tloha horn otschen, Selatvia. birzstaase ka mokhoa oa poleiti ea makhapetla a birch), e nang le leleme le le leng le otlang (clarinet, saxophone, Rus. phala ea mokotla, phaephe ea mokotla kapa phaephe, joalo. roopill, ho khantša. birbin), ka leleme le otlang habeli (oboe, bassoon, saryusophone, azerb. le letsoho. Duduk i zurna, Uzb.-taj. terompeta, buryat. bishkur), e nang le lehlaka le thellang (mefuta eohle ea li-harmonicas le harmonium; lisebelisoa tsena ha e le hantle li a lla, ke hore. hobane ba na le leleme ka bolona, ​​empa ho ea ka neano ba khetholloa e le liletsa tse bululetsoeng). Lisebelisoa tsa molomo li na le lisebelisoa, tseo ho tsona li-oscillations tsa molumo oa moea e leng melomo ea moetsi, e khomaretsoeng molomong (molomo) oa barrel, ka hona, nako (prof. liletsa tsa koporo, setso - manaka, manaka le liphaephe).

Sehlopha sa likhoele se na le liletsa tse khuoang, tse khumameng le tse letsoang. Qalong, molumo o ntšoa ka ho phunya khoele ka pene, monoana, plectrum (spinet, harpsichord, harepa, katara, balalaika, Kazakh dombra, mandolin); ho ba inameng - ebang ke ka seqha (liletsa tsa lelapa la violin, Armenian kamani, chuniri ea Segeorgia, Ossetian kissyn-fandyr, Kirg. kyyak, Kazakh. kobyz), kapa lebili la khohlano (wheel lyre), le ka ho otlanya - ka ho otla khoele e nang le hamore kapa lithupa (clavichord, fp., licymbala, Armenian le Georgian santur kapa santuri).

Sehlopha sa lera se na le liletsa tse nang le lera le otlolohileng ka thata, leo ho lona li otlang ka letsoho, mallet, kapa li etsa molumo ka tsela e ferekaneng (moropa, timpani, meropa, bugay ea Ukraine le Mold. thump). Lera le boetse le na le li-mirlitons - liletsa tse nang le lera, tse holisang le ho mebala lentsoe la sebini ka timbre e khethehileng (Seukraine Ocheretyna, Chuvash. Turana sea otters, khekhe e tloaelehileng e phuthetsoeng ka pampiri ea linama bakeng sa ho kama moriri). Tse ngata sehlopha sa liletsa tse llang se arotsoe ka plucked (vargan ka liphetoho tsohle tsa eona), percussion (xylophone, metallophone, celesta, gong, licymbala, triangle, orc. litloloko, jingulis ea Lithuania, Kabardino-Balkarian le Adyghe pkhachich), likhohlano. (Est. kraatspill le pingpill, Abkh akunjjapkhyartsa, Dag chang-chugur).

Lihlopha tse khethehileng ke lisebelisoa tsa mechine le tsa electrophonic. Bakeng sa mechini, papali e bapaloa ho sebelisoa mochini o tsoelipanang kapa oa motlakase, ho potoloha ha shaft ka letsoho, tsa elektrophonic li arotsoe ka li-adaptation (lisebelisoa tse tloaelehileng tse nang le sesebelisoa sa ho holisa molumo) le tsa elektroniki, mohloli oa molumo oa tsona. ho thothomela ha motlakase (sheba Lisebelisoa tsa 'mino tsa Motlakase).

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K. A. Vertkov, S. Ya. Levin