Organim |

Late Lat. Organum, ho tsoa ho Segerike. organon - sesebelisoa

Lebitso le akaretsang la tse 'maloa. mefuta ea pele ea Europe. polyphony (bofelong ba 9th - bohareng ba lekholo la bo13 la lilemo). Qalong, lentsoe le tsamaeang le eona feela le ne le bitsoa O., hamorao lentsoe lena le ile la fetoha lebitso la mofuta oa polyphony. Ka kutloisiso e pharaletseng, O. e kenyelletsa ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho tloha Mehleng e Bohareng ea pele. polyphony; ho e moqotetsane, mefuta ea eona ea pele, e thata (motsamao o tšoanang ka karolo ea bone le ea bohlano, hape le ho eketsoa ha li-octave tsa bona), ho fapana le tse entsoeng ka har'a moralo oa O. 'me li fumane tsa tsona. mabitso a mefuta le mefuta ea polygols. mangolo.

O. e akaretsa tse 'maloa. likolo tsa polygonal. mangolo, ho feta moo, hase kamehla liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le tse ling tse. Mefuta e ka sehloohong ea O. (hammoho le mekhahlelo e meholo ea tsoelo-pele ea eona ea histori): e tšoanang (lekholo la bo9-10 la lilemo); mahala (lekholo la bo11 - bohareng ba lekholo la bo12 la lilemo); melismatic (lekholong la bo12 la lilemo); metrized (bofelong ba 12th - 1st halofo ea 13th century).

Ho ea ka histori O., kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, o ile a etella pele ho thoeng. paraphony ea 'mino oa morao-rao oa Roma (ho ea ka boitsebiso bo tsoang ho Ordo romanum, lilemo tse makholo a 7-8; tse ling tsa libini tsa mopapa Schola Cantorum li bitsoa li-paraphonists; ho nahanoa hore li ne li bina ka ho bapa ha karolo ea bone le ea bohlano). Lentsoe "organicum melos", haufi le moelelo oa "O.", le qala ho kopana le John Scotus Eriugena ("De divisione naturae", 866). Mehlala ea pele ea O. e theohetseng ho rona e fumaneha ka mokhoa o sa tsejoeng. Lingoliloeng tsa "Musica enchiriadis" le "Scholia enchiriadis" (lekholong la borobong la lilemo). O. e theiloe mona moloding oa libini, o kopitsoang ka li-consonance tse phethahetseng. Lentsoe le etellang pele lipina tsa thoriso, naz. principalis (vox principalis - lentsoe le ka sehloohong), hape (hamorao) tenor (tenor - holding); lentsoe le kopitsang - organalis (vox organalis - organ, kapa organum, lentsoe). Morethetho ha oa hlalosoa hantle, mantsoe a monorhythmic (molao-motheo punctus contra punctum kapa nota contra notam). Ho phaella ho parallel e lebisang ho quart kapa ea bohlano, ho na le makhetlo a mabeli a mabeli a mantsoe (aequisonae - melumo e lekanang):

disampole tsa parallel organum ho tsoa ho treatises Musica enchiriadis (holimo) le Scholia enchiriadis (ka tlase).

Hamorao Senyesemane. Mefuta e fapaneng ea O. - gimel (cantus gemellus; gemellus - habeli, mafahla) e lumella motsamao ka karolo ea boraro (mohlala o tsebahalang oa gimel ke sefela sa St. Magnus Nobilis, humilis).

Mehleng ea Guido d'Arezzo, mofuta o mong oa O. o ile oa hlahisoa - mahala O., kapa diaphonia (qalong, lentsoe "diaphonia" e ne e le saense le khopolo-taba, le "O." - tlhaloso e sebetsang ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea ketsahalo e tšoanang; qalong Lekholong la 12th, mantsoe "diaphonia" le "o." e ile ea e-ba litlhaloso tsa mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho qapa). Hape ke monorhythmic, empa mantsoe a ho eona a lokolohile ka ho hlaka; ho tsamaea ka tsela e sa tobang, ho hanyetsa, hammoho le ho tšela mantsoe ho sebelisoa haholo. Tlhaloso ea melao-motheo le mehlala ea mahala ea O. – ho Guido d'Arezzo ho Microlog (c. 1025-26), bukeng ea Milanese Ad Organum faciendum (c. 1150), ho John Cotton mosebetsing oa hae De musica ( ba ka bang 1100); mehloli e meng ke Winchester Troparion (1st halofo ea 11th lekholong la lilemo la), libuka tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho tsa baitlami ea Saint-Martial (Limoges, hoo e ka bang 1150) le Santiago de Compostela (c. 1140). Free O. (hammoho le parallel) hangata e na le mantsoe a mabeli.

Mohlala oa organum ho tsoa ho "Ad Organum faciendum".

O. parallel le O. mahala, ho ea ka mofuta o akaretsang oa ho ngola, e lokela ho amahanngoa haholo le homophony (e le mofuta oa polokelo ea chord kapa joalo ka mantsoe a eona a feteletseng) ho feta polyphony ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng.

'Mino o mocha o ile oa hlaha sebakeng sa polokelo ea O. - polyphony e thehiloeng ho lumellana ha li-harmonies tse otlolohileng. Ena ke nalane e kholo ea boleng ba O., e neng e tšoaea moeli o hlakileng lipakeng tsa monodic. ho nahana ka setso sa 'mino oa bohle dr. lefats'e (ho kenyeletsoa le Bochabela bo Bong), ha mefuta ea pele ea Kreste e le monodic. ho bina (1st millennium AD), ka lehlakoreng le leng, 'me ho itšetlehile ka tumellano ena e ncha (ka mofuta - polyphonic), setso se secha sa Bophirimela, ka lehlakoreng le leng. Ka hona, mathoasong a lekholo la bo9 le la bo10 la lilemo ke e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa' mino. lipale. Linakong tse latelang (ho fihlela lekholong la bo20 la lilemo), 'mino o ile oa ntlafatsoa haholo, empa oa lula o le polyphonic. Esita le ka har'a moralo oa mahala O., ka linako tse ling ho ne ho e-na le khanyetso ho molumo o le mong oa li-principalis tse 'maloa ho organalis. Mokhoa ona oa ho ngola e bile oona o ka sehloohong ho melismatic. A. Molumo o atolositsoeng oa tenor (punctus organicus, punctus organalis) o bakile tse 'maloa. molumo oa pina e telele haholo:

Organum ho tsoa libukeng tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho tsa ntlo ea baitlami ea Saint-Martial.

Melismatic O. (diaphonie basilica) e se e ntse e e-na le polyphonic e boletsoeng. sebopeho. Mehlala ea Melismatic. O. – ho likhoutu tsa Santiago de Compostela, Saint-Martial, haholo-holo sekolo sa Paris sa Notre Dame (ho “Magnus liber organi” ea Leonin, e neng e bitsoa optimus organista – setsebi se hloahloa sa ogani, ka kutloisiso ea “setsebi se hloahloa sa ogani. ”). Ka con. Lekholong la bo12 la lilemo, ho phaella meetlong. mantsoe a mabeli (dupla) O., mehlala ea pele ea mantsoe a mararo (tripla) esita le mantsoe a mane (quadrupla) a hlaha. Har'a mantsoe a 'maloa a Organalis a na le mabitso: duplum (duplum - ea bobeli), triplum (triplum - ea boraro) le quadruplum (quadruplum - bone). Liturgich. tenor e ntse e boloka moelelo oa ch. vouta. Ka lebaka la melismatic. ho khabisoa ha molumo o mong le o mong o tsitsitseng oa tenor, tekanyo ea kakaretso ea sebopeho e eketseha ho feta bolelele ba makhetlo a leshome.

Ho ata ha morethetho oa modal le ho tsitsa ka thata ha kereke (ho tloha qetellong ea lekholo la bo12 la lilemo) ho paka tšusumetso ea lintlha tse hole le mokhoa oa eona oa pele oa litšebeletso. metheo, le ho hokahanya O. le tsa lefatše le Nar. bonono. Hona ke ho fokotseha ha sutu ea O.. Ho litho tsa Leonin, melismatic. likarolo tsa sebopeho li fapanyetsana le tse lekantsoeng. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, meterization e ne e boetse e khethoa ke keketseho ea palo ea mantsoe: ho hlophisoa ha mantsoe a fetang a mabeli ho ile ha etsa hore morethetho oa bona o be o nepahetseng haholoanyane. ho tsamaisana. Vershina O. - tse peli, tse tharo, esita le tse 'nè Op. Perotin (Sekolo sa Notre Dame), se bitsoang optimus dis-cantor (sekhetho se setle ka ho fetisisa):

Perotin. Butle-butle "Sederunt principes" (c. 1199); karolo ea quadruplum.

Ka har'a moralo oa O., ho ile ha hlaha morethetho oa modal le ho etsisa (Saint-Martial, Notre-Dame), le phapanyetsano ea mantsoe (Notre-Dame).

Lekholong la bo12-13 la lilemo. O. o kopanya bonono ba motet, mehlala ea pele e haufi haholo le O.

Ho pholletsa le histori ea eona, O. - ho bina ke solo le ensemble, eseng choral, e neng e ntse e le monophonic (ho ea ka G. Khusman). The two- and polyphony O. e ne e le mokhabiso oa kereke. lipina, lipina tse joalo qalong li ne li binoa meketeng/linakong feela (mohlala, litšebeletso tsa Keresemese). Ho ea ka boitsebiso bo bong, pele O. e ne e etsoa ka ho kenya letsoho ha liletsa.

References: Gruber RI, Nalane ea setso sa 'mino, vol. 1, karolo 1-2, M.-L., 1941; Riemann H., Geschichte der Musiktheorie im IX.-XIX. Jahrhundert, Lpz., 1898; Handschin J., Zur Geschichte der Lehre vom Organum, “ZfMw”, 1926, Jg. 8, Heft 6; Chevallier L., Les theories harmoniques, bukeng: Encyclopédie de la musique …, (n. 1), P., 1925 (phetolelo ea Serussia - Chevalier L., Nalane ea thuto ea kutloano, ed. le ka litlatsetso M V. . Ivanov-Boretsky, Moscow, 1932); Wagner R., La paraphonie "Revue de Musicologie", 1928, No 25; Perotinus: Organum quadruplum "Sederunt principes", hrsg. v. R. Ficker, W.-Lpz., 1930; Besseler H., Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance, Potsdam, (1937); Georgiades Thr., Musik und Sprache, B.-Gott.-Hdlb., (1954); Jammers E., Anfänge der abendländischen Musik, Stras.-Kehl, 1955; Waeltner E., Das Organum bis zur Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts, Hdlb., 1955 (Diss.); Chominski JM, Historia harmonii i kontrapunktu, t. 1, (Kr., 1958) (phetolelo ea Seukraine: Khominsky Y., History of harmony and counterpoint, vol. 1, Kiev, 1975); Dahlhaus G., Zur Theorie des frehen Organum, “Kirchenmusikalisches Jahrbuch”, 1958, (Bd 42); ea hae, Zur Theorie des Organum im XII. Jahrhundert, ibid., 1964, (Bd 48); Machabey A., Remarques sur le Winchester Troper, ka: Festschrift H. Besseler, Lpz., 1961; Eggebrecht H., Zaminer F., Ad Organum faciendum, Mainz, 1970; Gerold Th., Histoire de la musique…, NY, 1971; Besseler H., Güke P., Schriftbild der mehrstimmigen Musik, Lpz., (1); Reskow F., Organum-Begriff und frühe Mehrstimmigkeit, in: Forum musicologicum. 1. Basler Studien zur Musikgeschichte, Bd 1973, Bern, 1.

Yu. H. Kholopov