Piano ke eng - kakaretso e kholo

Piano (ho tsoa ho forte ea Italy - lerata le piano - e khutsitseng) ke seletsa sa 'mino se likhoele se nang le nalane e monate. E 'nile ea tsejoa lefatšeng ka bophara ka lilemo tse fetang makholo a mararo, empa e ntse e le ea bohlokoa haholo.

Sehloohong sena - tlhaloso e feletseng ea piano, histori ea eona, sesebelisoa le tse ling tse ngata.

Histori ea seletsa sa 'mino

Pele ho kenyelletsoa piano, ho ne ho e-na le mefuta e meng ea liletsa tsa keyboard:

1. Khopotso . E qapiloe Italy lekholong la bo15 la lilemo. Molumo o ne o ntšoa ka lebaka la hore ha senotlolo se hatelloa, molamu (pusher) o ile oa phahama, ka mor'a moo "plectrum" e "kha" khoele. Bothata ba harpsichord ke hore ha u khone ho fetola molumo, 'me' mino ha o utloahale o le matla ka ho lekaneng.
2. Clavichord (e fetoletsoeng ho tsoa ho Selatine - "senotlolo le khoele"). E sebelisoa haholo lekholong la XV-XVIII. Molumo o ile oa hlaha ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea tangent (pin ea tšepe e ka morao ea senotlolo) khoeleng. Bophahamo ba molumo bo ne bo laoloa ka ho tobetsa konopo. Ntho e fokolang ea clavichord ke molumo o ntseng o fela ka potlako.

Moetsi oa piano ke Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655-1731), setsebi sa 'mino sa Italy. Ka 1709, o ile a qeta mosebetsi oa seletsa se bitsoang gravicembalo col piano e forte (harpsichord e utloahalang e le bonolo le e phahameng) kapa "pianoforte". Hoo e ka bang li-node tsa mantlha tsa mochini oa piano oa sejoale-joale li ne li se li le teng.

Bartolomeo Cristofori

Ha nako e ntse e ea, piano e ntlafalitsoe:

• liforeimi tse matla tsa tšepe li ile tsa hlaha, ho behoa ha likhoele ho ile ha fetoloa (e 'ngoe ka holim'a e' ngoe ka tsela e fapaneng), 'me botenya ba bona bo ile ba eketseha - sena se ile sa etsa hore ho khonehe ho finyella molumo o tletseng haholoanyane;
• ka 1822, monna oa Mofora S. Erar o ne a e-na le patente ea "double rehearsal" mochine, o entseng hore ho khonehe ho pheta molumo ka potlako le ho eketsa matla a Bapala;
• Lekholong la bo20 la lilemo, ho ile ha qaptjoa piano le lisebelisoa tsa elektronike .

Russia, tlhahiso ea piano e qalile lekholong la bo18 la lilemo St. Petersburg. Ho fihlela 1917, ho ne ho e-na le litsebi tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho tse ka bang 1,000 XNUMX le lifeme tse makholo tsa 'mino - mohlala, KM Schroeder, Ya. Becker” le ba bang.

Ka kakaretso, historing eohle ea ho ba teng ha piano, bahlahisi ba ka bang 20,000 ba fapaneng, lifeme le batho ka bomong, ba sebelitse sesebelisoa sena.

Na piano, piano ea gran le fortepiano e shebahala joang?

Fortepiano ke lebitso le akaretsang la liletsa tsa mmino tsa mofuta ona. Mofuta ona o kenyelletsa piano tse kholo le pianinos (phetolelo ea sebele - "piano e nyane").

Piano e khōlō, likhoele, mechine eohle le letlapa la molumo (resonating surface) li behiloe ka tsela e tšekaletseng, kahoo e na le boholo bo tsotehang haholo, ’me sebōpeho sa eona se tšoana le lepheo la nonyana. Tšobotsi ea eona ea bohlokoa ke sekoahelo sa ho bula (ha se bulehile, matla a molumo aa eketseha).

Ho na le piano ea boholo bo fapaneng, empa ka karolelano bolelele ba seletsa e lokela ho ba bonyane 1.8 m, 'me bophara e lokela ho ba bonyane 1.5 m.

Pianino e khetholloa ka tlhophiso e otlolohileng ea lisebelisoa, ka lebaka leo e nang le bophahamo bo boholo ho feta piano, sebopeho se sephara 'me e itšetlehile haufi le lebota la kamore. Litekanyo tsa piano li nyane haholo ho feta tsa piano e kholo - bophara bo tloaelehileng bo fihla ho 1.5 m, 'me botebo bo ka ba 60 cm.

Phapang ea liletsa tsa mmino

Ho phaella ho boholo bo fapaneng, piano e kholo e na le phapang e latelang ho piano:

1. Likhoele tsa piano e khōlō li lutse sefofaneng se le seng le linotlolo (li-perpendicular on piano), 'me li telele, e leng se fanang ka molumo o lerata le o monate.
2. Piano e kholo e na le lipedali tse 3 'me piano e na le tse 2.
3. Phapang e kholo ke morero oa liletsa tsa 'mino. Piano e loketse tšebeliso ea lapeng, kaha ho bonolo ho ithuta ho e bapala, 'me molumo oa molumo ha o moholo hoo o ka tšoenyang baahelani. Piano e etselitsoe haholo likamore tse kholo le libini tsa litsebi.

Ka kakaretso, piano le piano e kholo li haufi, li ka nkoa e le mor'abo rōna e monyenyane le e moholo lelapeng la piano.

Mefuta

Mefuta e meholo ea piano :

• piano e nyenyane (bolelele ba 1.2 - 1.5 m.);
• piano ea bana (bolelele ba 1.5 - 1.6 m.);
• piano e mahareng (bolelele ba 1.6 - 1.7 m);
• piano e kholo bakeng sa kamore ea ho phomola (1.7 - 1.8 m.);
• setsebi (bolelele ba eona ke 1.8 m.);
• piano e khōlō bakeng sa liholo tse nyenyane le tse khōlō (bolelele ba 1.9/2 m);
• lipiano tse kholo tsa konsarete tse nyane le tse kholo (2.2/2.7 m.)

Re ka bolela mefuta e latelang ea piano:

• piano-spinet - bophahamo bo ka tlase ho 91 cm, boholo bo nyane, moralo o tlase, 'me, ka lebaka leo, ha se boleng bo holimo ba molumo;
• piano console (khetho e tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa) - bophahamo ba 1-1.1 m, sebopeho sa setso, molumo o motle;
• studio (setsebi) piano - bophahamo ba 115-127 cm, molumo o bapisoang le piano e kholo;
• piano tse kgolo - bophahamo ho tloha ho 130 cm ho ea holimo, lisampole tsa khale, tse khetholloang ka botle, ho tšoarella le molumo o babatsehang.

Tokiso

Piano e kholo le piano li arolelana sebopeho se tšoanang, leha lintlha li hlophisitsoe ka tsela e fapaneng:

• likhoele li huleloa holim'a foreimi ea tšepe ka thuso ea lithakhisa, tse tšelang treble le li-bass shingles (li hōlisa ho sisinyeha ha likhoele), tse khomaretsoeng ka thebe ea lehong tlas'a likhoele (resonant deck);
• ka tlaase , liketso tsa khoele tse 1, 'me bohareng le li-registering tse phahameng, "chorus" ea likhoele tse 2-3.

Mechanics

Ha moletsi oa piano a tobetsa konopo, damper (muffler) e suthela hōle le khoele, e e lumellang hore e lle ka bolokolohi, ebe hamore e otla holim'a eona. Ena ke tsela eo piano e llang ka eona. Ha sesebelisoa se sa bapaloe, likhoele (ntle le li-octave tse feteletseng) li hatelloa khahlanong le damper.

Lipehelo tsa Piano

Hangata piano e na le lipedali tse peli, ha piano e kholo e na le tse tharo:

1. Pedal ea pele . Ha u e tobetsa, li-dammper kaofela lia phahama, ’me likhoele tse itseng li lla ha linotlolo li lokolloa, ha tse ling li qala ho thothomela. Ka tsela ena hoa khoneha ho finyella molumo o tsoelang pele le li-overtones tse eketsehileng.
2. Pedal ka ho le letšehali . E etsa hore molumo o se ke oa utloahala le ho o kokobetsa. E sebelisoa ka seoelo.
3. Pedali ea boraro (e fumaneha ka piano feela). Mosebetsi oa eona ke ho thibela li-dampers tse itseng e le hore li lule li phahamisitsoe ho fihlela pedal e tlosoa. Ka lebaka la sena, o ka boloka chord e le 'ngoe ha u ntse u bapala lintlha tse ling.

Ho bapala seletsa

Mefuta eohle ea piano e na le linotlolo tse 88, tse 52 tsa tsona ke tse tšoeu 'me tse setseng tse 36 ke tse ntšo. Mefuta e tloaelehileng ea seletsa sena sa 'mino e tsoa ho noto A subcontroctave ho ea ho C ho octave ea bohlano.

Lipiano le piano tse kholo li feto-fetoha haholo 'me li ka bapala hoo e batlang e le pina efe kapa efe. Li loketse ka bobeli bakeng sa mesebetsi ea motho a le mong le ho sebelisana le sehlopha sa 'mino oa liletsa.

Ka mohlala, libapali tsa piano hangata li tsamaisana le fiolo, dombra, cello le liletsa tse ling.

LBH

Mokhoa oa ho khetha piano bakeng sa tšebeliso ea lapeng?

Hoa hlokahala ho ela hloko ntlha ea bohlokoa - ha piano e kholoanyane kapa piano e kholo, molumo o betere. Haeba boholo ba ntlo le tekanyetso ea hau li u lumella, u lokela ho reka piano e kholo. Maemong a mang, sesebelisoa sa boholo bo bohareng e tla ba khetho e ntle ka ho fetisisa - e ke ke ea nka sebaka se seholo, empa e tla utloahala hantle.

Na ho bonolo ho ithuta ho bapala piano?

Haeba piano e hloka tsebo e tsoetseng pele, joale piano e loketse ba qalang. Ba sa kang ba ithuta sekolong sa 'mino ha ba sa le ngoana ha baa lokela ho teneha - hona joale u ka khona ho nka lithuto tsa piano habonolo inthaneteng.

Ke baetsi ba piano bafe ba molemo ka ho fetisisa?

Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela lik'hamphani tse 'maloa tse hlahisang piano le piano tsa boleng bo holimo:

• Premium : Lipiano tse kholo tsa Bechstein, piano tsa Bluthner le piano tse kholo, piano tse kholo tsa konsarete ea Yamaha;
• sehlopha sa bohareng : Lipiano tse khōlō tsa Hoffmann , piano tsa August Forester;
• mekhoa ea tekanyetso e theko e tlaase : Boston, piano ea Yamaha, piano tse kholo tsa Haessler.

Baetsi ba piano le baqapi ba tummeng

1. Frederic Chopin (1810-1849) ke moqapi ea ipabolang oa Lepolishe le moletsi oa piano oa virtuoso. O ngotse mesebetsi e mengata ka mefuta e fapaneng, ho kopanya li-classics le boqapi, ho ba le tšusumetso e kholo mino oa lefats'e.
2. franz liszt (1811-1886) - Sebapali sa piano sa Hungary. O ile a tsebahala ka ho bapala piano ea hae ea virtuoso le mesebetsi ea hae e rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa - mohlala, Mephisto Waltz waltz.
3. Sergei Rachmaninov (1873-1943) ke moqapi oa piano ea tummeng oa Russia. E khetholloa ka mokhoa oa eona oa ho bapala le mokhoa o ikhethang oa mongoli.
4. Denis Matsuev ke sebapali sa piano sa virtuoso, ea hapileng litlholisano tsa maemo a holimo. Mosebetsi oa hae o kopanya lineano tsa sekolo sa piano sa Russia le mekhoa e mecha.

Lintlha tse khahlisang ka Piano

• ho ea ka maikutlo a bo-rasaense, ho bapala piano ho na le phello e ntle ho taeo, katleho ea thuto, boitšoaro le ho hokahanya mekhatlo ea bana ba kenang sekolo;
• bolelele ba piano e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea konsarete lefatšeng ke 3.3 m, 'me boima bo feta tone e le' ngoe;
• bohareng ba keyboard ea piano bo pakeng tsa lintlha "mi" le "fa" ka octave ea pele;
• mongoli oa mosebetsi oa pele oa piano ke Lodovico Giustini, ea ngotseng sonata "12 Sonate da cimbalo di piano e forte" ka 1732.

Ho akaretsa

Piano ke seletsa se tsebahalang ebile se sebetsa ka mokhoa o fapaneng hoo ho seng bonolo ho se fumanela analogue. Haeba ha o e-s'o e bapale pele, e leke - mohlomong ntlo ea hau e tla tloha e tlala melumo ea boselamose ea linotlolo tsena.