Setaele sa mahala |
Setaele sa mahala, ho ngola mahala
nope free movement, harmonic counterpoint
1) Khopolo e kopantseng ho polyphony ea nalane, 'mino (sheba Polyphony) e senyeha. litsela tsa pōpo, tse ileng tsa nka sebaka sa mokhoa o thata - polyphony ea High Renaissance. Ho musicology 19-ho qala. Lekholong la bo20 la lilemo lentsoe “S. le.” polyphonic e ile ea khethoa. nyeoe 17 - ser. Lekholong la bo18 la lilemo; ho ea qalong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo tlhaloso e batsi ea lentsoe “S. s", eo hona joale e bolelang liketsahalo tsohle tsa polyphonic ho tloha qalong ea lekholo la bo17 la lilemo. ho fihlela joale.
Ho amoheloa ha litloaelo tsa S. le. lekholong la bo17 la lilemo e ne e amahanngoa le phetoho e khōlō tsoelo-peleng ea Europe Bophirimela eohle. qoso e bakiloeng ke tse ngata tsa histori. mabaka (sheba Baroque, Renaissance). Sebopeho se secha sa tšoantšetso sa 'mino se ntse se tsoela pele: baqapi ba fumana menyetla ea eona e se nang moeli ka mokhoa oa ho etsa lintho tse ka hare. lefatshe la motho. Ho ke ke ha khoneha ho fana ka tatellano ea liketsahalo hantle. moeli pakeng tsa mehla ea S. s. le setaele se thata. S. s. e ile ea lokisetsoa ke katleho ea bo-masters ba khale. polyphony, le tse ling tsa libopuoa tsa eona. likarolo (mohlala, boholo ba tse kholo le tse nyane, thahasello ea 'mino oa instr.) li fumaneha ho tse ngata. tlhahiso. setaele se thata. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, beng ba S. s. sebelisa boiphihlelo le mekhoa ea ba pele ho bona (mohlala, mokhoa oa ho etsisa, counterpoint e rarahaneng, mekhoa ea ho fetola thepa ea sehlooho). T. o., S. s. ha e hlakole setaele se thata, empa ea e nka, e fetola polyphony ea lekholo la bo15 le la bo16 la lilemo. ho latela bonono. mesebetsi ea nako.
S. s. e senola nalane ea eona. boikemelo haholo-holo joalo ka polyphony ea lisebelisoa. Le hoja ka nako e itseng instr. tlhahiso. ho itšetleha ka mokhoa o tiileng oa k'hoaere ho ile ha sala (ho hlokomelehang, ka mohlala, sebopeho sa mesebetsi ea setho sa J. Sweelinka), baqapi ba ile ba qala ho sebelisa 'mino oa polyphonic oo ba o fumaneng. bokhoni ba lisebelisoa. Free instr. element e etsa qeto ea ho cheseha ha muses. Lipuo tsa J. Frescobaldi ka li-fugues tsa cembalos, li rera esale pele li-oratorical pathos tsa organ op. D. Buxtehude, e hakanngoa habonolo ka polasetiki e khethehileng ea li-concerto tsa A. Vivaldi. Ntho e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea tsoelo-pele ea polyphonic. liletsa 17-18 lilemo tse makholo. e fihla mesebetsing ea JS Bach - ho Op ea hae. bakeng sa fiolo ea solo le ka clavier, ka har'a fugues ea Well-Tempered Clavier (vol. 1, 1722, vol. 2, 1744), tse fapaneng ka mokhoa o tsotehang mabapi le ho senola polyphony, menyetla ea seletsa. Mosebetsing oa benghali ba S. s. hantle. mokhoa oa ho bua o ne o ruisitsoe tlas'a tšusumetso ea liletsa; ka hona mokhoa oa joalo, mohlala, op. joalo ka Gloria (No 4), Sanctus (No 20) kapa Agnus Dei (No 23) ka boima ba Bach ka h-moll, moo wok. mekga, ha e le hantle, ha e fapane le ea liletsa, e bitsoa motsoako oa wok.-instrumental.
Ponahalo ea S. s. haholo-holo e lekanyetsang molodi. Ho sehlopha sa k'hoaere se neng se ngola ka thata-thata, molumo oa meloli o ne o lekanyelitsoe ke mefuta e mengata ea k'hoaere. likhetho; meloli, e hlophisitsoeng ka morethetho 'me e se na lisekoere, e ne e entsoe ka lipoleloana tse decomp. bolelele; ho tsamaisoa ha bona ho lekantsoeng ho ne ho laoloa ke motsamao o boreleli ho latela mehato ea diatonic. sekala, ha melumo e ne e bonahala eka e phalla ho ea ho e ’ngoe. Ho fapana le hoo, pineng ea S. s. (ka bobeli ho li-fugues le ka mefuta e fapaneng ea polyphony e seng fugue) mofuta oa mantsoe ha e le hantle ha o na moeli, tatellano efe kapa efe ea nako e ka sebelisoa meloding, ho kenyeletsoa. tlolela ho dikgahla tse thata ho isa ho segalo se sephara. Papiso ea mehlala e tsoang ho Op. Palestrina le ho tsoa mesebetsing e amanang le S. s. e bontša liphapang tsena:
Palestrina. Benedictus ho tloha 'Misa "O magnum misterium" (lentsoe le ka holimo).
C. Monteverdi. "The Coronation of Poppea", ketso ea 2 (sehlooho sa k'hoaere ea lelapa).
D. Buxtehude. Organ chacona ka C e kholo (bass voice).
A. Ho Stanchinsky. Canon bakeng sa fp. (ho qala ha proposta)
Bakeng sa lipina tsa S. tse nang le. e khetholloang ka ho itšetleha ka li-harmonics. ntlo ea polokelo, e atisang ho hlalosoa ka papiso (ho kenyeletsoa sebopeho sa sequential); molodi, motsamao o lebiswa hotswa ka hare ho harmonica. tatellano:
JS Bach. Suite No 3 bakeng sa cello solo. Courant.
JS Bach. Theme ea Fugue G-dur ho tsoa ho bolumo ea 2 ea Well-Tempered Clavier.
Mofuta ona wa motsamao o tsebisa molodi wa S. s. harmonic full sonority: ka melodi eo ho thoeng ke. mantsoe a patiloeng, 'me kemiso ea tumellano e totobala habonolo ho tloha ho melumo ea li-chord. tatelano.
GF Handel. Trio Sonata g-moll op. 2 No 2, finale (likarolo continuo siiloe).
JS Bach. Organ fugue a-moll, theme.
Harmonic scheme sa mantsoe a patiloeng sehloohong sa organ fugue a-moll ka JS Bach.
Mantswe a patilweng “a ngotsweng” moloding a ka hanyetsana (le mohlaleng o ka tlase), ka dinako tse ding a nka sebopeho sa metric-reference line (e tlwaelehileng bakeng sa dihloho tse ngata tsa Bach’s fugues; bona b) esita le ketsiso (c):
JS Bach. Partita No 1 bakeng sa fiolo ea solo. Courant.
JS Bach. Theme ea Fugue Cis-dur ho tsoa moqolong oa 1 oa Well-Tempered Clavier.
WA Mozart. "Magic Flute", overture (qalo ea Allegro).
Botlalo ba mantsoe a patiloeng bo ile ba susumetsa ho thehoa ha 3- le 4-mantsoe e le tloaelo ea S. le .; haeba mehleng ea mokhoa o thata ba ne ba atisa ho ngola ka mantsoe a 5 kapa ho feta, joale mehleng ea S. ka. Mantsoe a 5 ha a fumanehe hangata (mohlala, har'a li-fugues tse 48 tsa Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, ho na le mantsoe a mabeli feela a mahlano - cis-moll le b-moll ho tloha molumo oa pele), 'me mantsoe a mangata a batla a le joalo. mokgelo.
Ho fapana le lengolo le thata la ilk ka mehlala ea pele ea S. s. likhefu tse behiloeng ka bolokolohi li ne li sebelisoa, ho khabisa lipalo, li-syncopations tse sa tšoaneng. S. s. e lumella tšebeliso ea nako efe kapa efe le ka tekanyo efe kapa efe. Ts'ebetsong e khethehileng ea tokisetso ena e itšetlehile ka metrorhythm. litloaelo tsa 'mino ona oa histori. nako. Polyphony e laetsoeng ea baroque le classicism e khetholloa ke morethetho o hlakileng. litšoantšo tse nang le metric e tloaelehileng (e lekanang). E ratanang. ho potlaka ha polelo ho tseko-ve 19 - pele ho nako. Lekholong la bo20 la lilemo E boetse e hlalosoa ka bolokolohi ba ho beha li-accents tse amanang le barline, tšobotsi ea polyphony ea R. Schumann, F. Chopin, R. Wagner. Bakeng sa polyphony ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo. tse tloaelehileng ke tšebeliso ea limithara tse sa tloaelehang (ka linako tse ling e le metsoako e rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa ea polymetric, joalo ka mohlala, 'mino oa polyphonic oa IF Stravinsky), ho hana ho hatisa (mohlala, mesebetsing e meng ea polyphonic ke baqapi ba sekolo se secha sa Viennese) , sebelisa mefuta e khethehileng ea polyrhythm le polymetry (mohlala, O. Messiaen) le tse ling tsa metrorhythmic. boiqapelo.
E 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa S. s. - kamano ea hae e haufi le Nar. mefuta ea 'mino. Nar. 'mino o ile oa boela oa sebelisoa ho polyphony ea ho ngola ka thata (mohlala, joalo ka cantus firmus), empa masters a ne a tsitsitse haholoanyane ntlheng ena. Ho Nar. lipina li ile tsa rarolloa ke baqapi ba bangata ba lekholong la bo17 le la bo18 la lilemo (ho theha, haholo-holo, liphapang tsa polyphonic ho lihlooho tsa setso). Haholo-holo e ruileng le e fapaneng ke mehloli ea mofuta - Sejeremane, Setaliana, Seslavic - ho polyphony ea Bach. Likamano tsena ke motheo oa motheo oa tiiso ea tšoantšetso ea polyphonic. thematism ea S. s., ho hlaka ha melodi ea hae. puo. Polyphonic ea konkreite. ba S. le. e ne e boetse e khethoa ke tšebeliso ea melodic-rhythmic, e tloaelehileng bakeng sa nako ea eona. lipalo, “mekhoa” ea lentsoe la naha. Ho itšetlehile haholo ka mofuta oa mofuta ke tšobotsi e 'ngoe ea S. s. - nts'etsopele ka har'a moralo oa eona oa polyphony e fapaneng. Ka mokhoa o thata, menyetla ea ho bapisa polyphony e ne e lekanyelitsoe, ho S. s. ke ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa, e khethollang ka ho hlaka ho mokhoa o thata. Polyphony e fapaneng ke tšobotsi ea 'mino. Dramaturgy ea Bach: mehlala e fumanoa ho org. Litlhophiso tsa li-chorale, moo ho hlahisoang korale, 'me phapang ea mantsoe e ka totobatsoa ke kamano ea bona ea mefuta e fapaneng (mohlala, ho No. 1 ho tloha cantata No. 68, molodi wa chorale o tsamaisana le orc. sehlooho ka sebopeho sa Setaliana Siciliana); ka dram. likarolo, khanyetso ea mekha e fihla moeling (mohlala, ho No. 1, karolong ea pele ea No. 33 ea Matthew Passion). Hamorao, polyphony e fapaneng e sebelisoa haholo lihlahisoa tsa opera. (mohlala, ka har'a li-operas tsa W. A. Mozart). Bopaki ba bohlokoa ba phapang ea polyphony ho S. s. ke hore ka ho etsisa. mefuta, bohanyetsi bo phetha karolo ea lentsoe le tsamaeang, le tlatsanang. Mehleng ea mokhoa o thata, ho ne ho se na maikutlo a polyphony. lihlooho, tse tobaneng ka lentsoe le le leng, 'me polyphony e entsoe ka ho latellana. phano e batlang e sa nke lehlakore ka modumo wa yona. mabapi le boitsebiso. Motho ka mong ho lipontšo tsohle tsa 'mino oa S. s. e theiloe holim’a sehlooho se imolohang, se hlokomelehang habonolo nehelanong ka ’ngoe. Sehlooho se na le sebopeho sa lentsoe, se nang le sehlooho. menahano ea 'mino, khopolo-taba e tla ntlafatsoa, e sebetsa e le motheo oa polyphonic. tlhahiso. Ka 'mino oa baqapi ba lekholo la bo17-18 la lilemo. (e bolelang haholo-holo fugue) mefuta e 2 ea lihlooho e hlahisitsoe: e tšoanang, e ipapisitse le nts'etsopele ea moelelo o le mong kapa ho feta o sa bapiseng le o amanang haufi-ufi (mohlala, lihlooho tsa c-moll fugues ho tsoa bukeng ea 1 le ea 2 ea Seliba sa Bach. -Clavier ea bohale ), le ho fapana, ho itšetlehile ka khanyetso ea sepheo se fapaneng (mohlala, sehlooho sa g-moll fugue ho tloha molumo oa 1 oa potoloho e tšoanang). Lihloohong tse fapaneng, o tla hlalosa haholo. chenchana le morethetho o hlokomelehang. lipalo hangata li fumaneha qalong, li etsa melodic. sehlooho sa sehlooho. Lihlooho tse fapaneng le tsa homogeneous li bolela.
KE Bach. Organ fugue ho C e kholo, sehlooho.
Tlhaloso ea lihlooho le meloli ea tsona. ho imoloha har'a baqapi ba lekholo la bo17-18 la lilemo. haholo-holo e itšetlehile ka linako tse sa tsitsang (hangata li fokotsehile), tse tloaelehileng qalong ea kaho:
JS Bach. Theme ea A-moll fugue ho tsoa bolumong ea 2 ea Well-Tempered Clavier.
JS Bach. Fugue theme cis-moll ho tsoa moqolong oa 1 oa Well-Tempered Clavier.
JS Bach. Mass in h minor, Kyrie, No 3 (fugue theme).
JS Bach. Matthew Passion, No 54 (theme).
Haeba ho ne ho e-na le nehelano e thata ea mokhoa oa strettic, joale baqapi ba lekholo la bo17-18 la lilemo. sehlooho se boleloa ka ho feletseng ka lentsoe le le leng, 'me feela ka mor'a hore lentsoe le etsisang le kene,' me ea qalang a fetela ho counterposition. Bohlokoa ba semantic ba sehlooho bo totobala le ho feta haeba sepheo sa eona se thehile likarolo tse ling tsohle tsa fugue—likhahlano, li-interlude; boemo bo ka sehloohong ba sehlooho ho S. s. tse hlohlelletsoang ke li-interlude, tse nkang boemo bo ka tlaase ho feta ha li bapisoa le boitšoaro ba sehlooho, 'me hangata li itšetlehile ka lentsoe la naha.
Litšobotsi tsohle tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa S. s. - likarolo tsa melodic, harmonic, likarolo tsa sebopeho - latela ho tloha tsamaisong ea tonal e teng, haholo-holo e kholo le e nyenyane. Lihlooho, joalo ka molao, li khetholloa ka bonnete ba tonal e felletseng; liphapang li hlahisoa melodic-chromatic. liphetoho tsa harmonic; li-chromatisms tse fetang li fumanoa ho polyphony ea nako ea morao tlas'a tšusumetso ea mehleng ea kajeno. maikutlo a harmonic (ka mohlala, ka piano fugue cis-moll op. 101 No 2 Glazunov). Tataiso ea ho feto-fetoha ha lihlooho lihloohong e lekanyelitsoe ke ea ka sehloohong; ho feto-fetoha ha sehlooho ho ea ho linotlolo tse hole - phihlello ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo. (ka mohlala, ho fugue ho tloha ho nts'etsopele ea Myaskovsky's Symphony No. 21, sehlooho se qala ka C e nyenyane ka Dorian tinge, 'me e qetella ka gis minor). Pontšo ea bohlokoa ea mokhatlo oa modal oa S. s. ke karabelo ea tonal, melao-motheo ea eona e neng e se e ikemiselitse ho ricercar le mehlala ea pele ea fugue.
JS Bach. "Art of the Fugue", Contrapunctus I.
JS Bach. Fugue Es-dur ho tsoa bukeng ea pele ea Clavier ea Halefileng.
Sistimi ea modal ea tse kholo le tse nyane ho S. s. e busa, empa ha se eona feela. Baqapi ha baa ka ba lahla tlhaloso e ikhethang ea diatonic ea tlhaho. frets (bona, ka mohlala, fugue Credo No 12 ho tloha boima ba Bach ho h-moll, mokhatlo oa 3rd "in der lydischer Tonart" oa L. Beethoven's quartet No 15, o tšoauoa ka tšusumetso ea mokhoa o thata). Ba thahasellisang ka ho khetheha ho bona ke benghali ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo. (mohlala, fugue ho tsoa ho Ravel's suite "The Tomb of Couperin", li-fugues tse ngata tsa DD Shostakovich). Moetsi oa polyphonic. li entsoe ka mokhoa oa modal, sebopeho sa decomp. nat. meetlo ea 'mino (mohlala, likarolo tsa polyphonic tsa symphony bakeng sa likhoele le timpani ka EM Mirzoyan li senola 'mala oa naha oa Armenia, piano le li-fugues tsa mokhatlo ka GA Muschel li amahanngoa le bonono ba 'mino ba naha ea Uzbek). Mosebetsing oa baqapi ba bangata ba lekholong la bo20 la lilemo mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa tse kholo le tse nyenyane o fetoha o rarahaneng, mefuta e khethehileng ea tonal e hlaha (mohlala, tsamaiso ea kakaretso ea P. Hindemith), tse fapa-fapaneng li sebelisoa. mefuta e meng ea poly- le atonality.
Baqapi ba liforomo tse sebelisoang haholo lekholong la bo17-18, tse neng li entsoe morao koana mehleng ea ho ngola ka thata: motet, liphapang (ho kenyeletsoa le tse thehiloeng ho ostinato), canzona, ricercar, decomp. mofuta wa ketsiso. mefuta ea choral. Ho hlile S. le. kenyeletsa fugue le tse ngata. mefuta, eo ho eona polyphonic. nehelano e sebelisana le homophonic. Ka li-fugues tsa lekholo la bo17-18 la lilemo. ka likamano tsa bona tse hlakileng tsa modal-functional, e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa polyphony ea S. s. - ho itšetleha ka bophahamo bo haufi ba mantsoe, ho lumellana ha bona. ho hohelana, takatso ea ho kopana ka har'a chord (mofuta ona oa ho leka-lekana pakeng tsa boikemelo ba mantsoe a polyphonic le litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa tse totobetseng, haholo-holo, mokhoa oa JS Bach). Sena S. s. 17th-18th lekholong la lilemo li fapane haholo ka bobeli ho tloha ho polyphony ea ho ngola ka thata (moo ho sebetsang ka mokhoa o fokolang ho nang le melumo e fokolang e emeloa ke ho eketsoa ha lipara tse 'maloa tsa mantsoe a contrapunctuated), le ho tloha polyphony e ncha ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo.
Tloaelo ea bohlokoa ea ho bopa 'mino oa 17th-18th century. – tatelano ya dikarolo tse fapaneng. Sena se lebisa ho hlaheng ha potoloho e tsitsitseng ea histori ea selelekela - fugue (ka linako tse ling ho e-na le selelekela - fantasy, toccata; maemong a mang, potoloho ea likarolo tse tharo e thehoa, mohlala, org. toccata, Adagio le C-dur fugue ea Bach. ). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mesebetsi e hlaha moo likarolo tse fapaneng li kopantsoeng hammoho (mohlala, mosebetsing oa org. Buxtehude, mesebetsing ea Bach: karolo e meraro org. fantasy G-dur, triple 5-voice org. fugue Es-dur ha e le hantle ke mefuta e fapaneng ea libopeho tse fapaneng).
'Minong oa li-classics tsa Viennese, polyphony ea S. s. e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa haholo, 'me mesebetsing ea morao-rao ea Beethoven - karolo e ka sehloohong. Haydn, Mozart le Beethoven ba sebelisa polyphony ho senola moelelo le moelelo oa taba ea homophonic, ba kenyelletsa polyphony. lichelete nakong ea symphony. ntshetsopele; ho etsisa, counterpoint e rarahaneng fetoha mekhoa ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea sehlooho. mosebetsi; ka 'mino oa Beethoven, polyphony e fetoha e' ngoe ea mekhoa e matla ka ho fetisisa ea ho qobella tšoantšiso. tsitsipano (mohlala, fugato "Lepatong la Lepato" ho tsoa ho symphony ea 3). 'Mino oa li-classics tsa Viennese o khetholloa ke polyphonization ea sebopeho, hammoho le phapang ea homophonic le polyphonic. nehelano. Polyphonization e ka fihla boemong bo phahameng hoo motsoako oa homophonic-polyphonic o entsoeng. mofuta wa mmino, oo ho hlalosoang lekokonyana le bonahalang. polyphonic tension line sections (seo ho thoeng ke mofuta o moholo oa polyphonic). Li-polyphonic likarolo tse "kenyellelitsoeng" ka har'a sebopeho sa homophonic li phetoa ka tonal, contrapuntal, le liphetoho tse ling, 'me kahoo li amohela bonono. nts'etsopele ka har'a moralo oa sebopeho se le seng, "counterpunctuating" homophonic (mohlala oa khale ke qetello ea quartet ea G-dur ea Mozart, K.-V. 387). Foromo e kholo ea polyphonic ka mefuta e mengata e sebelisoa haholo lilemong tse makholo a 19-20. (mohlala, overture from Wagner's The Mastersingers of Nuremberg, Myaskovsky's Symphony No. 21). Mosebetsing oa Beethoven oa morao-rao, ho ile ha hlalosoa mofuta o rarahaneng oa sonata allegro e nang le polyphonized, moo tlhahiso ea homophonic e leng sieo ka ho feletseng kapa e se nang phello e hlokomelehang ho li-muses. polokelo (karolo ea pele ea pianoforte sonata No 32, 9th symphony). Tloaelo ena ea Beethovenian e latela Op e arohaneng. I. Brahms; e tsoaloa bocha ka botlalo ka litsela tse ngata. lihlahisoa tse rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa lekholong la bo20 la lilemo: ka k'hoaere ea ho qetela No. 9 ho tloha cantata "Ka mor'a ho bala Pesaleme" ea Taneyev, karolo ea 1 ea symphony "The Artist Mathis" ea Hindemith, karolo ea 1 ea symphony No. 5 by Shostakovich. Polyphonization ea foromo e boetse e na le tšusumetso mokhatlong oa potoloho; qetello e ile ea qala ho nkoa e le sebaka sa polyphonic synthesis. likarolo tsa nehelano e fetileng.
Ka mor'a Beethoven, baqapi ba ne ba sebelisa 'mino oa setso ka seoelo. polyphonic. liforomo tsa C. s., empa ba lefshoa bakeng sa sena ka tšebeliso e ncha ea polyphonic. chelete. Kahoo, mabapi le mokhoa o akaretsang oa 'mino oa lekholong la bo19 la lilemo. ho konkreiti ea tšoantšetso le botle bo botle, fugue le fugato li mamela mesebetsi ea muses. tšoantšetso (ka mohlala, "Ntoa" qalong ea symphony "Romeo le Juliet" ka Berlioz), ka linako tse ling li hlalosoa ka mokhoa o tsotehang. (mohlala, ho opera The Snow Maiden ea Rimsky-Korsakov, fugato e bontša moru o ntseng o hōla; bona leq. nomoro ea 253), koma. moralo (metlae. fugue ho "Fight Scene" ho tloha qetellong ea ketso ea 2nd ea Wagner's "Mastersingers of Nuremberg", moferefere o makatsang qetellong ea "Fantastic Symphony" ea Berlioz, joalo-joalo). Ho na le mefuta e mecha e rarahaneng ea mofuta oa 2nd floor. 19 ho. synthesis ea mefuta: mohlala, Wagner selelekeleng sa opera Lohengrin kopanya likarolo tsa polyphonic. mefuta e fapaneng le fugues; Taneyev e kopanya thepa ea fugue le sonata karolong ea 1 ea cantata "John oa Damaseka". E 'ngoe ea likatleho tsa polyphony lekholong la bo19 la lilemo. e ne e le symphonization ea fugue. Molao-motheo oa fugue (butle-butle, ntle le papiso e bohale ea tšoantšetso, ho senoloa ha lentsoe la tšoantšetso. litaba tsa sehlooho, tse reretsoeng tumello ea eona) li ile tsa ntlafatsoa ke Tchaikovsky karolong ea 1 ea suite No 1. 'Mino oa Serussia, moetlo ona o ile oa ntlafatsoa ke Taneyev (bona, ka mohlala, fugue ea ho qetela e tsoang ho cantata "John oa Damaseka"). Ea tlhaho 'mino. art-wu lekholong la bo19 la lilemo. takatso ea ho khetheha, tšimoloho ea setšoantšo e lebisitse ho polyphony ea S. le. tshebediso e atileng ya motswako wa dihlooho tse fapaneng. Motsoako oa leitmotifs ke karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea 'mino. Dramaturgy ea Wagner; mehlala e mengata ea motsoako oa lihlooho tse fapaneng e ka fumanoa ho Op. Baqapi ba Serussia (mohlala, "Polovtsian Dances" ho tloha opera "Prince Igor" ea Borodin, "The Battle at Kerzhents" ho tloha opera "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh le Maiden Fevronia" ke Rimsky-Korsakov, "Waltz". "Ho tloha ho ballet "Petrushka" ea Stravinsky, joalo-joalo. ). Ho fokotsa boleng ba mefuta ea papiso ea 'mino oa lekholong la bo19 la lilemo. e leka-lekaneng ka ntshetsopele ya polyphonic e ncha. likamohelo (ka litsela tsohle mahala, ho lumella ho fetoha ha palo ea likhetho). Har'a bona - polyphonic. "kala" ea litema tsa mofuta o monate (mohlala, ka mohlala, XI gis-moll ho tsoa ho "Symphonic etudes" ea Schumann, ho nocturne cis-moll op. 27 No 1 ka Chopin); ka kutloisiso ena b. A. Zuckerman o bua ka "lyric. polyphony” ka Tchaikovsky, a bua ka melodic. mebala lyric. lihlooho (ka mohlala, karolong e ka thōko ea karolo ea 1 ea symphony ea 4 kapa nakong ea nts'etsopele ea lihlooho tse ka sehloohong tsa ho tsamaea butle ha symphony ea 5); Tloaelo ea Tchaikovsky e ile ea amoheloa ke Taneyev (mohlala, likarolo tse liehang tsa symphony ka c-moll le piano. quintet g-moll), Rachmaninoff (mohlala, piano. selelekela sa Es-dur, karolo e liehang ea thothokiso "The Bells"), Glazunov (main. lihlooho tsa karolo ea pele ea concerto bakeng sa violin le orchestra). Kamohelo e ncha ea polyphonic e ne e boetse e le "polyphony of layers", moo counterpoint e sa arohaneng. mantsoe a melodic, empa melodic le harmonic. complexes (mohlala, ho etude II ho tloha ho "Symphonic etudes" ea Schumann). Mofuta ona oa masela a polyphonic hamorao o ile oa amohela mefuta e fapaneng ea ts'ebeliso ea 'mino, ho latela mebala le' mala. mesebetsi (bona, mohlala, fp. Selelekela sa "The Sunken Cathedral" ka Debussy), haholo-holo polyphony ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo. Harmony melody. likhetho ha se ntho e ncha ho C. le. kamohelo, empa lekholong la bo19 la lilemo. e sebelisoa hangata le ka mekhoa e fapaneng. Ka hona, Wagner ka tsela ena o finyella polyphonic e khethehileng - melodic - botlalo qetellong. kaho ea Ch. Likarolo tse ling tsa phetoho ea opera "The Mastersingers of Nuremberg" (lekanya 71 et seq.). Harmony melody. tatelano e ka 'na ea amahanngoa le ho ba teng ha decomp. likhetho tsa lentsoe la morethetho (mohlala, motsoako oa likarolo le karolo ea borobeli ho kenyelletsong ea "Ocian-sea blue", motsoako oa orc. le khwaere. mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea lentsoe le ka holimo qalong ea setšoantšo sa 4 sa opera "Sadko" ea Rimsky-Korsakov). Tšobotsi ena e amana le "motsoako oa lipalo tse tšoanang" - mokhoa o fumaneng tsoelo-pele e khanyang 'mino oa con. 19 - kopa. 20 cc (mohlala
Mehleng ea kajeno "Polyphony e ncha" e teng ntoeng pakeng tsa bonono le bonono bo tletseng botho, bo chesehang, bo nang le mekhoa e metle, moo bohlale ba tlhaho ba polyphony bo senyehang ho ba ho utloahala, le ho ba le maikutlo a utloahalang. Polyphony S. s. lekholong la bo20 la lilemo - lefats'e la liketsahalo tse hanyetsanang, hangata tse fapaneng. Maikutlo a tloaelehileng ke hore polyphony lekholong la bo20 la lilemo. e ile ea e-ba mokhoa o ka sehloohong le o tsitsitseng oa limusiamo. monahano o batla o le nnete feela. Litsebi tse ling tsa lekholo la bo20 la lilemo ka kakaretso ha li utloe ho hlokahala ho sebelisa polyphonic. e bolela (ka mohlala, K. Orff), ha ba bang, ba nang le mefuta eohle ea bona e rarahaneng, ba lula ba le "homophonic" baqapi (mohlala, SS Prokofiev); bakeng sa masters a mangata (mohlala, P. Hindemith), polyphony ke eona e etellang pele, empa eseng eona feela. tsela ya ho bua. Leha ho le joalo, liketsahalo tse ngata tsa 'mino le tsa pōpo tsa lekholong la bo20 la lilemo. tsoha le ho ntshetsa pele ho tsamaellana le polyphony. Kahoo, ka mohlala, tšoantšiso e e-s'o ka e e-ba teng. polelo ho li-symphonies tsa Shostakovich, "ho lokolloa" ha matla a mithara ho Stravinsky ho itšetlehile haholo ka polyphonic. sebopeho sa mmino wa bona. Mekhoa e meng. sehlahisoa sa polyphonic. Lekholo la bo20 la lilemo le amanang le e 'ngoe ea libaka tsa bohlokoa tsa mokatong oa pele. lekholong la lilemo - neoclassicism e tsepamisitseng maikutlo holim'a sepheo sa li-muses. dikahare, ho alima melao-motheo ea ho bōpa le mekhoa e tsoang ho li-polyphonists tsa mokhoa o thata le baroque ea pele ("Ludus tonalis" ka Hindemith, mesebetsi e mengata ea Stravinsky, ho akarelletsa le "Symphony of Psalms"). Mekhoa e meng e hlahisitsoeng tšimong ea polyphony e sebelisoa ka tsela e ncha ho dodecaphony; pl. sebopeho sa mmino. puo ea lekholong la bo1 la lilemo e bolela, joalo ka polytonality, mefuta e rarahaneng ea polymetry, eo ho thoeng ke. mantsoe a theipi ke lintho tse tsoang ho polyphony.
Karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea polyphony ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo. - tlhaloso e ncha ea dissonance, le ea kajeno. hangata counterpoint ke dissonant counterpoint. Setaele se thata se ipapisitse le liluma-'moho: dissonance e hlahang feela ka mokhoa oa molumo o fetang, o thusang kapa o liehang ka sebele o pota-potiloe ke li-consonance mahlakoreng ka bobeli. Phapang ea mantlha pakeng tsa S. le. e itšetlehile ka hore li-dissonances tse nkiloeng ka bolokolohi li sebelisoa mona; ha li hloke ho itokisa, le hoja li hlile li fumana tumello e le 'ngoe, ke hore dissonance e bolela consonance feela ka lehlakoreng le leng - ka mor'a lona. 'Me, qetellong, 'mino pl. baqapi ba lekholong la bo20 la lilemo dissonance e sebelisoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang hantle le consonance: ha e tlamehe ke maemo a ho itokisa feela, empa hape le tumello, ke hore. e teng joalo ka ketsahalo e ikemetseng e ikemetseng ntle le ho lumellana. Dissonance ka tekanyo e kholo kapa e fokolang e fokolisa likamano tse sebetsang tsa harmonic le ho thibela "ho bokelloa" ha polyphonic. mantsoe a benyang, a utloahala a otlolohile joalo ka bonngoe. Tatelano ya tshebetso ya mothapo e kgaotsa ho tsamaisa motsamao wa sehlooho. Sena se hlalosa ho matlafatsoa ha melodic-rhythmic (le tonal, haeba 'mino o le tonal) boipuso ba polyphonic. mantsoe, mofuta oa linear oa polyphony mesebetsing ea ba bang ba bangata. baqapi ba mehleng ea kajeno (moo ho leng bonolo ho bona papiso le counterpoint ea mehla ea ho ngola ka thata). Mohlala, qaleho ea melodic (e rapameng, e melang) e busa haholo pheletsong ea li-canon tse peli ho tloha ho nts'etsopele ea motsamao oa 1 oa symphony ea 5 (nomoro ea 32) ea Shostakovich hoo tsebe e sa lemoheng molumo, ke hore. kamano e emeng dipakeng tsa mantswe. Baqapi ba lekholong la bo20 la lilemo ba sebelisa setso. e bolela polyphonic. puo, leha ho le joalo, sena se ke ke sa nkoa e le tlhahiso e bonolo ea mekhoa e tsebahalang: ho e-na le hoo, re bua ka mehleng ea kajeno. ho matlafatsa mekhoa ea setso, ka lebaka leo ba fumanang boleng bo bocha. Ka mohlala, ho symphony e boletsoeng ka holimo ea Shostakovich, fugato qalong ea tsoelo-pele (nomoro ea 17 le ea 18), ka lebaka la ho kena ha karabo ho octave e eketsehileng, e utloahala e le bohale ka tsela e sa tloaelehang. E 'ngoe ea mekhoa e atileng haholo ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo. e fetoha "polyphony of layers", 'me sebopeho sa letamo se ka ba se rarahaneng ka ho sa feleng. Kahoo, ka linako tse ling lera le thehoa ho tloha motsamaong o bapileng kapa o fapaneng oa mantsoe a mangata (ho fihlela ho thehoa ha lihlopha), ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea aleatoric (mohlala, ntlafatso ea melumo e fanoeng ea letoto) le sonoristics (rhythm). canon, mohlala, bakeng sa likhoele tse bapalang setulong), joalo-joalo. E tsejoa ho tsoa ho 'mino oa khale oa polyphonic. orc khanyetso. lihlopha kapa liletsa tsa baqapi ba bangata ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo li fetoloa "polyphony of rhythmic timbres" (ka mohlala, selelekeleng sa Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring) 'me li tlisoa ka mokhoa o utloahalang. Qetellong, e ba "polyphony of sonorous effects" (mohlala, litšoantšisong tsa K. Penderecki). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ts'ebeliso ea 'mino oa dodecaphonic oa motsamao o tobileng le o ka thoko ka li-inversions tsa bona o tsoa mekhoeng ea setaele se thata, empa ts'ebeliso e hlophisehileng, hammoho le lipalo tse hlakileng mokhatlong oa kakaretso (eseng kamehla molemong oa expressiveness) ba fe boleng bo fapaneng. Ka polyphonic. 'mino oa lekholong la bo20 la lilemo mefuta ea setso e fetotsoe' me mefuta e mecha ea tsoaloa, likarolo tsa eona li kopantsoe ka mokhoa o ke keng oa lekanngoa le mofuta oa thematism le mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa molumo (mohlala, sehlooho sa qetello ea symphony op.
Polyphony 20th century e theha setaele se secha haholo. mofuta o fetang khopolo e hlalosoang ke lentsoe “S. Ka.” Meeli e hlalositsoeng ka ho hlaka ea mokhoa ona oa "super-free" oa mokatong oa bobeli. Lekholo la bo2 la lilemo ha le na, 'me ha ho na lentsoe le amoheloang ka kakaretso bakeng sa tlhaloso ea lona (ka linako tse ling tlhaloso "polyphony e ncha ea lekholo la bo20" e sebelisoa).
S. o ithuta le. ka nako e telele e phehelloa ho sebetsa feela. uch. lipakane (F. Marpurg, I. Kirnberger, joalo-joalo). Setsebi. lithuto tsa histori le theory li ile tsa hlaha lekholong la bo19 la lilemo. (X. Riemann). Mesebetsi e akaretsang e entsoe lekholong la bo20 la lilemo. (mohlala, "Fundamentals of Linear Counterpoint" ka E. Kurt), hammoho le tse khethehileng. mesebetsi e metle ho polyphony ea sejoale-joale. Ho na le lingoliloeng tse ngata ka Serussia. lang., e nehetsoeng lipatlisiso tsa S. le. BV Asafiev o ile a bua ka taba ena khafetsa; ho tsoa mesebetsing e akaretsang, "Melao-motheo ea Mekhoa ea Bonono" ea SS Skrebkov le "Histori ea Polyphony" ea VV Protopopov e hlahella. Litaba tse akaretsang tsa khopolo ea polyphony li boetse li koahetsoe ho tse ling tse ngata. lingoliloeng tse mabapi le baqapi ba polyphony.
2) Ea bobeli, ea ho qetela (kamora mokhoa o thata (2)) karolo ea thupelo ea polyphony. Ka 'mino Liunivesithing tsa USSR, polyphony e ithutoa boemong ba theory,' me e tla etsoa ke ba bang. f-max; likolong tse mahareng. mekhatlo - feela ka histori-theoretical. lefapha (mafapheng a ho bapala, ho tloaelana le mefuta ea polyphonic ho kenyelelitsoe thupelong e akaretsang ea ho hlahloba mesebetsi ea 'mino). Likahare tsa thupelo li khethoa ke akhaonto. mananeo a amoheloang ke Lekala la Setso la USSR le Rephabliki. min-uena. S.'s course with. e kenyelletsa ho kenya tšebetsong lithupelo tse ngotsoeng ch. arr. ka mokhoa oa fugue (li-canon, liqapi, passacaglia, mefuta e fapaneng, mefuta e fapaneng ea kenyelletso, lipapali tsa li-fugues, joalo-joalo) le tsona li entsoe. Lipheo tsa thupelo li kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea polyphonic. mesebetsi ea baqapi ba mehla le litaele tse fapaneng. Mafapheng a moqapi oa ba bang ba uch. mekhatlo e ile ea sebelisa nts'etsopele ea litsebo tsa polyphonic. ntlafatso (sheba "Mathata a Polyphony" ka GI Litinsky); 'mino oa f-max oa histori le oa khopolo-taba. liunivesithi tsa USSR thehile mokhoa oa ho ithuta ka liketsahalo tsa polyphony historing. karolo. Bakeng sa mokhoa oa ho ruta ka liphooko. uch. mekhatlo e khetholloa ka ho hokahanya ha polyphony le lithuto tse amanang le tsona - solfeggio (bona, mohlala, "Pokello ea mehlala e tsoang ho lingoliloeng tsa polyphonic. Bakeng sa 2, 3 le 4 voice solfeggio "ka VV Sokolova, M.-L., 1933, "Solfeggio . Mehlala ea lingoliloeng tsa polyphonic "ka A. Agazhanov le D. Blum, Moscow, 1972), histori ea 'mino, joalo-joalo.
Polyphony ea ho ruta e na le semelo sa khale sa thuto. meetlo. Ka lilemo tse 17-18. hoo e batlang e le moqapi e mong le e mong e ne e le mosuoe; e ne e le tloaelo ho fetisetsa phihlelo ho libini tse nyenyane tse lekang matsoho a tsona ho qapa. S. thuto ka. e nkoang e le taba ea bohlokoa ke libini tse kholo ka ho fetisisa. Uch. boetapele bo tlohile JP Sweelinck, JF Rameau. JS Bach o thehile mesebetsi ea hae e mengata e ikhethang. - tse qapiloeng, "The Well-Tempered Clavier", "The Art of the Fugue" - e le mokhoa o sebetsang. ditaelo tsa ho qapa le ho etsa polyphonic. tlhahiso. Har’a ba neng ba ruta S. s. – J. Haydn, S. Frank, J. Bizet, A. Bruckner. Litaba tsa polyphony li hlokometsoe tlalehong. batataisi P. Hindemith, A. Schoenberg. Nts'etsopele ea setso sa polyphonic ka Serussia le liphooko. 'mino o ile oa khothalletsoa ke mesebetsi ea baqapi ba NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Lyadov, SI Taneev, RM Glier, AV Aleksandrov, N. Ya. Myaskovsky. Ho entsoe libuka tse ngata tsa thuto tse akaretsang phihlelo ea ho ruta S. s. ka USSR.
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VP Frayonov
