Mesebetsi e mengata |
Mesebetsi ea ho ferekana – meelelo ea melumo le liluma-’moho ka tumellano (altitude system).
F. l. e emela ponahatso ea likamano tsa 'mino le semantic, tseo ka tsona ho finyelloang kutloisiso le momahano ea li-muses. kaofela. Tloaelong ea mokhoa oa mantsoe a Serussia hangata o hlalosoa e le sehlopha se akaretsang mabapi le mefuta eohle ea litsamaiso tsa molumo (ho tloha mehleng ea khale, ea bochabela, ea setso ho ea mefuteng e fapaneng le e rarahaneng ea 'mino oa profeshenale oa lekholong la bo20 la lilemo). Ka hona, mohopolo oa F. l. hape ke eona e tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa, e amanang le ho senyeha ho fetisisa. mefuta ea meelelo ea melumo ea 'mino-semantic ea melumo le li-consonances, leha li lumella ho hlalosoa ho e' ngoe ea mefuta (meelelo ea tsona lits'ebetsong tsa modal - "mekhoa" e khethehileng ea 'mino oa lekholo la bo14 la bo15 la lilemo, ho fapana le litekanyetso, mohlala, the harmonic tonality ea 18th-19th lekholong la lilemo e le mofuta o khethehileng oa tsamaiso ea modal). Kaha mefuta ea mothofatso ea mokhoa ona e fetoha ho ea ka nalane, joale F. l. kamoo likamano tse khethehileng tsa molumo li fetohang kateng historing, le ho fetela ho mefuta e tsoetseng pele le e rarahaneng ea ph. qetellong e bonahatsa tsoelo-pele ea li-muses. ho nahana.
Systematics F. l. e itšetlehile ka likarolo tsa mokhatlo o phahameng oa boemo bo phahameng, oo ka ho hlophisoa ha oona o fumanang litlhaloso tse itseng, le ka mefuta ea 'mino (molumo) oa polelo ea mokhoa o utloahalang. likamano pakeng tsa likarolo tsa modal (altitude) tsamaiso. Likarolo tsohle tsa mofuta ona li fumana bohlokoa ba tsamaiso, ka bobeli bo bonolo (boemong ba mantlha ba thepa) le tse kopaneng (ka maemo a holimo a momahano oa lintho tse bonolo ho li kopanya tse rarahaneng haholoanyane). Lintho tse bonolo - otd. melumo (“monads”), linako, melumo e habeli (“dyads”), triad (“triads”), chord tse ling e le thepa ea tsamaiso. Motsoako - dec. mofuta oa "microlads" sebopehong sa mokhoa (mohlala, li-tetrachords, li-pentachords, li-trichords ka har'a moralo oa mefuta e mengata ea li-monodich; lihlopha tse itseng tsa chord, subsystems, chord e nang le melumo e haufi kapa li-consonance, joalo-joalo ka mekhoa ea polygonal ). E itseng F. l. fumana, mohlala, c.-l. likarolo tse kholo tsa modal (e le 'ngoe kapa e' ngoe ea tonality, tsamaiso) mabapi le tse ling tse tšoanang ka har'a kakaretso e le 'ngoe e kholo (tonality ea sehlooho sa bobeli e tšoana le D ho tonic e kholo, joalo-joalo). Muz.-e utloahalang. likamano tšimong ea mokhoa li hlahisoa ka ho arola likarolo tsa modal ho tse ka sehloohong (bohareng) le tse ka tlaase ho (peripheral), ebe ka phapang e qaqileng ea semantic ea ho qetela; ka hona karolo ea mantlha ea sehlopha sa motheo e le setsi sa bohareng F. l. ka liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa eona (sheba Lad). Kutloisiso e nepahetseng e lekaneng (kutlo) ea ’mino e fana ka maikutlo a ho nahana ka lihlopha tsa F. l., tseo e leng tsa tlhaho ’minong ona. Sistimi (mohlala, ts'ebeliso ea sistimi ea Bophirima-Yuropa ea tse kholo le tse nyane ka likeramafono tsa bona bakeng sa ho sebetsana le lipina tsa khale tsa setso sa Serussia, tlhaloso ea lits'ebetso tsohle tsa molumo ho tloha ponong ea kutloano ea Europe Bophirimela ea 18-19th le F. .l., joalo-joalo).
E bohlokoa haholo ho F. l. phapang 2 sehlooho. mefuta ea mekhoa ea modal (molumo) ho itšetlehile ka sebopeho sa thepa ea bona - monophonic kapa polyphonic (lekholong la bo20 la lilemo hape le sonorant). Kahoo karohano e akaretsang ka ho fetesisa ea mefuta ea F. l. ka monodic le chord-harmonic. P. l. mehleng e fapaneng ea khale, ea bohareng. le Nar. monodic. mekhoa (ke hore, monodic F. l.) ka typologically e na le lintho tse ngata tse tšoanang le tse ling. Ho monodich e bonolo. F. l. (ke hore, litekanyetso tsa modal tsa melumo ea motho ka mong le likhokahano) li kenyelletsa boleng ba Ch. fret litšehetso: setsi. molumo (ho emisa, molumo oa mantsoe, tonic; morero oa eona ke ho tšehetsa mohopolo oa 'mino), molumo oa ho qetela (finalis; maemong a mangata o lumellana le molumo oa bohareng, oo ka nako eo o ka bitsoang finalis), molumo oa bobeli oa litšupiso. (repercussion , molumo oa ho pheta-pheta, confinalis, molumo o ka sehloohong, o busang; hangata o tsamaisana le oa ho qetela); hape le litšehetso tsa lehae (litsi tsa lehae, litsi tse feto-fetohang; haeba litšehetso li tloha ho lithane tse kholo tsa mokhoa ho ea ho tse ling), molumo oa pele (initialis, qalong; molumo oa pele oa lipina tsa thoriso; hangata o lumellana le oa ho qetela). Ho kopanya monodich. F. l. kenyeletsa litekanyetso tse khethiloeng. liphetoho tsa melodic, lipina - liqeto tse tloaelehileng. liforomo, li-clause (maemong a mang, lithane tsa tsona le tsona li na le mesebetsi ea tsona ea sebopeho, mohlala, ultima, penultima le antepenultima; bona Cadence), liphetolelo tse tloaelehileng tsa pele (ho qala, qalo), liforomo tsa khale tsa lipina tsa Serussia. chants, melodi ya Gregorian. Bona, mohlala, phapang F. l. setsi. molumo (as1) le molumo oa ho qetela (es1) mohlaleng oa st. Mekhoa ea boholo-holo ea Segerike (kholomo ea 1), qetello le liphello - ho Art. Medieval medieval; bona liphetoho tsa litšehetso tsa sebaka (e306, d1, e1) pina ea thoriso e reng “Morena ke ile ka lla” ho St. Sistimi ea molumo (kholomo ea 1), phapang F. l. melumo ea pele le ea ho qetela pina ea thoriso "Antarbahis" ho St. 'Mino oa Maindia (kholomo ea 447). Bona hape boleng ba modal (ke hore F. l.) melodic e tloaelehileng. liphetohelo (mohlala, qalong, qetellong) bononong. Mefuta ea mehleng e bohareng (kholomo ea 511), Melody (kholomo ea 241), cadence e felletseng (kholomo ea 520), pina ea Znamenny (kholomo ea 366-466), Melody (kholomo ea 67).
Litsamaiso F. l. ka har'a polygon frets, synthesizing fret material ea mefuta e 2 (e nang le hlooho e le 'ngoe le e nang le lihlooho tse ngata), e na le sebopeho sa mahlakore a mabeli (interdimensional). Ka mantsoe a melodic, haholo-holo ka sehloohong (sheba Melody), ho hlaha monodich. F. l.; ba kena tšebelisanong e rarahaneng le F. l. li-consonance tse otlolohileng (bona. Harmony), ho hlahisa, haholo-holo, litekanyetso tsa likarolo tsa karolo e le 'ngoe ea F. l. e amanang le likarolo tsa e 'ngoe (mohlala, melumo ea melodi e amanang le chords, kapa ka tsela e fapaneng; "interlayer", interdimensional phlebotomy, e hlahang ka lebaka la ho sebelisana ha li-phlebodies tse monodic le chord-harmonic). Kahoo bonono. leruo F. l. mminong wa polyphony e tsoetseng pele. Khakanyo ea chord-harmonic. F. l. pina ea thoriso e angoa ke ho ata ha melumo ea li-chord (ho tlola), e nkoang e le ea ts'ebetso e le 'ngoe (e hanyetsanoa e le "lipalangoang" tse fetang le melumo e thusang), ho fokotseha ha boleng ba ntlha ea mantlha ea tsitsipano e phahameng (e phahameng). - e matla haholoanyane) molemong oa harmonic-functional (khatello ea kholo ha e tloha motheong, ho fokotseha - ha u khutlela motheong), ho nkela sebaka sa melodic basso continuo ka zigzag jump line basse fondamentale, joalo-joalo Tšusumetso ea monodic F. l. ka chord-harmonic e bonahala ka eona likhopolo tsa sehlooho. mesebetsi ea tonal (molumo o bohareng - chord e bohareng, tonic; repercussion - chord e ka sehloohong), 'me phello ea bona ho tatellano ea li-chord e bonahala ka ho laola ka sehloohong. mehato ea molumo (likarafo tsa bona tsa monophonic) tsa khetho le moelelo oa semantic oa lipina tse lumellanang le pina (mohlala, molumong oa ho qetela oa k'hoaere "Glory" ho tloha opera "Ivan Susanin" - boleng ba tumellano ea mokokotlo oa medumo e tshehetsang ya molodi:
cf. Sistimi ea dijithale), ka litšupiso. boikemelo ba harmonic ba li-modal complexes tsa molodi ka har'a moralo oa polyphony (mohlala, maikutlong a botšepehi bo lumellanang ba sehlooho se nang le sehlooho se le seng ka har'a lesela la polygonal la fugue, ka linako tse ling esita le ho hanyetsana le Ph. .l. tsa mantswe a mang). Likamano tse sebetsang tsa interdimensional li fumanoa maemong a ho tlosoa ho tloaelehileng F. l. melumo le li-consonance tsa tsamaiso e fanoeng tlas'a tšusumetso ea ho sebelisana ha mefuta-futa (monodic le chord-harmonic) F. l. E, monodic. F. l. ka molodi o ka tlase ho molodi F. l. D 7, li fetoloa ho fihlela phetoho e feletseng ea matla a khoheli (mohlala, molumo oa mohato oa 1 o hohela ho 7th, joalo-joalo); botlaaseng ba chord ho F. l. Mefuta ea melumo ea melodic, mohlala, mosebetsi oa ho pheta-pheta (ho faubourdon, organum ea pele, 'mino oa lekholong la bo20 la lilemo, bona, mohlala, le selelekela sa piano sa C. Debussy "The Sunken Cathedral").
Kutloano ea mehleng ea Mehla e Bohareng le Tsosoloso (haholo-holo lekholong la 15-16th) e khetholloa ka ho leka-lekana ha monodic. le chord harmonic. F. l. (ka tloaelo monahano oa linear-polyphonic); sesupo ke melao ea ho khetholla mokhoa le ho laola F. l. “ka tenor”, ke hore, lentsoe le leng le le leng; joalo ka melumo ea lipina tsa thoriso ea consonance. mehato ka bolokolohi latela mong ho e mong, le hlalosoa. ha ho na khetho e hlakileng ea likhetho e le tsona tse ka sehloohong tse lumellanang; ka ntle ho molumo, "khokahano ea molumo e ka 'na ea se be teng ka ho feletseng,' me chord e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ... e ka lateloa ke pina e 'ngoe le e' ngoe" (SI Taneev, 1909; bona, mohlala, bona mehlala ea 'mino oa J. Palestrina ho St. Polyphony, kholomo ea 347, 348, Josquin Despres - sengolong Canon, kholomo ea 692).
Tonal harmony (17-19 lekholong la lilemo) e tšoauoa ka ho ata ha chord-harmonic. F. l. ho feta monodic (sheba Harmonic tonality, Harmonic function, Tonality, Dominant, Subdominant, Tonic, Major, Minor, Modulation, Deviation, Variable function, Kamano ea linotlolo). Joalo ka "harmonic". puo ea puo “Bophirima-Europe. 'mino ke oa maiketsetso. mokhoa oa modal oa mofuta o khethehileng, mefuta ea oona ea F. l. ho na le e khethehileng. mofuta oa bona, o bitsoang "mesebetsi ea tonal" (H. Riemann, "Vereinfachte Harmonielehre oder Lehre von den tonalen Funktionen der Akkorde", 1893). Mesebetsi ea khale (T, D, S) e sebetsa motheong oa kamano e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea tlhaho - kamano ea quintal pakeng tsa tse ka sehloohong. melumo ea li-chords mehatong ea IV-IV - hoo e ka bang ho sa tsotellehe litšobotsi tsa bona tsa modal (mohlala, hore na tonic e kholo kapa e nyenyane); kahoo e totobetse mona. lentsoe “mesebetsi ea tonal” (e amanang le lentsoe “modal function”), eseng ka kakaretso “F. l.” (ho kopanya ka bobeli). harmonic tonality e tšoauoa ka khoheli e matla ea ts'ebetso ho setsi. chord (tonic), e phunyeletsang sebopeho sohle sa fret, boits'oaro bo fapaneng haholo ba li-harmonics. mesebetsi ea consonance ka 'ngoe le otd. nako ea molumo. Ka lebaka la matla a mesebetsi ea tonal, "tonality ea lefapha le le leng e ama tonality ea e 'ngoe, tšimoloho ea sengoathoana e ama sephetho sa eona" (SI Taneev, 1909).
Phetolelo ea 'mino oa lekholong la bo20 la lilemo o tsebahala ka ho ntlafatsa oa khale. tshebetso (ho sebeletsa e le mohlala o ka sehloohong bakeng sa mekhoa e mengata e mecha ea likamano tse sebetsang), ho thehoa ha mekhoa e mecha ea molumo ho tloha moetlong. le lisebelisoa tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa tonal. Ka hona, mokhoa oa ho fetola ts'ebetso ("ho sokoloha" le ho tsoaloa hape ha matla a khoheli) o atile: tataiso ea ho tsamaea ho tloha bohareng ho ea ho periphery (R. Wagner, kenyelletso ea opera "Tristan le Isolde"), ho tloha ho ema e sa tsitsang (NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "Tale ea Motse o sa Bonahaleng oa Kitezh le Maiden Fevronia", qetellong ea 3rd d.; AN Skryabin, tumellanong le tlhahiso ea tlhahiso. 40-50), ho tloha consonance ho ea ho dissonance le, ho feta, tšekamelo ea ho qoba consonance (SV Rachmaninov, romance "Au!"), ho tloha ho chord ho ea ho sebopeho se sa tsitsang (ponahalo ea melumo ea mahlakoreng ka lebaka la ho lokisa tieho, thuso le melumo e meng e sa tsitsang ho eona. sebopeho). Ka tsoalo e ncha ea moetlo. khale F. l. ka tsela ena, ho etsa mohlala, dissonant tonality hlaha (Scriabin, morao sonatas bakeng sa pianoforte; A. Berg, Wozzeck, 1st ketso, 2nd scene bang bang bang, dissonant cis-moll, bona mohlala oa 'mino ho Art. Tumellano , kholomo 82, 1st chord - T ), mekhoa e nkiloeng (SS Prokofiev, "Fleeting", No 2, March ho tloha opera "Lerato la Li-oranges tse tharo" - ho tloha C-dur; DD Shostakovich, 9 symphony, mokhatlo oa 1st, qalong ea karolo e ka thōko ea tlhaloso - joalo ka -moll e le motsoako oa T ho tloha ho G-dur), mehaho ea atonic (N. Ya. Myaskovsky, symphony ea 6, karolo ea 1, karolo e ka sehloohong ea karolo e ka thōko; tonic chord Fis-dur e hlaha feela karolong ea ho qetela). Motheong o mocha, mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea mekhoa e tsosolosoa; ka hona, mefuta e fapaneng ea F. l. (mesebetsi ea tsamaiso, litlhaloso tsa melumo le li-consonance ka har'a tsamaiso e fanoeng).
Mminong o mocha oa lekholong la bo20 la lilemo. hammoho le mefuta ea setso F. l. (monodic-modal; chord-harmonic, haholo-holo tonal) mesebetsi e meng ea tsamaiso e boetse e hlahisoa, e bolelang moelelo oa semantic oa likarolo, haholo-holo ka mokhoa oa setsi ("ho hlahisa phapang" e le ho pheta-pheta ho fetotsoeng ka mokhoa o potlakileng oa ba khethiloeng. sehlopha sa molumo, joalo ka ha ho le joalo, ho fapana ho eona). Mesebetsi e bohareng e bohlokoa. bophahamo (bo-t-ha-tle-ha-tle-) /high-altitude abutment) ka sebopeho sa otd. molumo (molumo o bohareng, ho latela IF Stravinsky - "mapalo"; mohlala, papaling ea piano "Signs on White", 1974, tone a2 ka EV Denisov; bona hape mohlala ho Art. Dodecaphony, kholomo ea 274, molumo oa bohareng es ), setsi. consonances (mohlala, polychord Fis-dur + C-dur motheong oa setšoantšo sa 2 sa ballet ea Stravinsky "Petrushka", bona mohlala ho Art. Polychord, kholomo ea 329), bohareng. maemo a letoto la lihlooho tse (ka mohlala, letoto la lihlooho tse boemong ge-dis-fis-cis-fdhbca-gis ho A. Webern's vocal cycle op. 25, bona mohlala ho sehlooho Pointillism). Ha u sebelisa sonono-harmonic. mokhoa, maikutlo a bonnete ba abutment e phahameng ea bophahamo bo ka finyelloang ntle le ho senola motheo o hlakileng. melumo (qetello ea pheletso ea konsarete ea 2 ea piano ka RK Shchedrin). Leha ho le joalo, tšebeliso ea lentsoe “F. l.” mabapi le liketsahalo tse ngata tsa kutloano lekholong la bo20 la lilemo. e bonahala e le bothata (kapa e bile e sa khonehe), tlhaloso ea bona e hloka hore ho hlahisoe mantsoe a nepahetseng haholoanyane.
References: bona tlas'a lihlooho tse boletsoeng.
Yu. N. Kholopov
