Instrumentovedenie |

Lekala la musicology le sebetsanang le thuto ea tšimoloho le nts'etsopele ea liletsa, moralo oa tsona, timbre le acoustic. thepa le mmino.-hlalosa. menyetla, hammoho le ho hlophisoa ha lisebelisoa. I. e amana haufi-ufi le muses. folklore, ethnography, thekenoloji ea lisebelisoa le acoustics. Ho na le likarolo tse peli tse pharaletseng tsa I. Sepheo sa e 'ngoe ea tsona ke Nar. lisebelisoa tsa 'mino, tse ling - tse bitsoang. setsebi, se kenyellelitsoeng symphony, moea. le estr. lihlopha tsa 'mino oa liletsa, tse fapaneng. chamber ensembles le ho sebelisoa ka boikemelo. Ho na le mekhoa e 'meli e fapaneng ea ho ithuta liletsa - musicological le organological (organographic).

Baemeli ba mokhoa oa pele ba nka liletsa e le mokhoa oa ho hlahisa ’mino hape ’me ba o ithuta ba amana haufi-ufi le ’mino. boiqapelo le tshebetso. Batšehetsi ba mokhoa oa bobeli ba shebana le moralo oa lisebelisoa le ho iphetola ha oona. Lintlha tsa I. - litšoantšo tsa pele tsa lisebelisoa le litlhaloso tsa tsona - li simolohile le pele ho mehla ea rona. har'a batho ba Dr. East - Egepeta, India, Iran, Chaena. Chaena le India, mekhoa ea pele ea ho hlophisa li-muses le eona e ile ea ntlafatsoa. lisebelisoa. Ho ea ka tsamaiso ea leruarua, lisebelisoa li ne li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 8 ho itšetlehile ka thepa eo li entsoeng ka eona: lejoe, tšepe, koporo, lehong, letlalo, mohope, letsopa (letsopa) le silika. Ind. Sistimi e ile ea arola lisebelisoa ka lihlopha tse 4 ho latela moralo oa tsona le mokhoa oa ho hlasimolla ho thothomela ha molumo. Tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le botjhabela bo bong. lisebelisoa li ile tsa tlatsoa haholo ke bo-rasaense, liroki le libini tsa Mehla e Bohareng: Abu Nasr al-Farabi (lekholo la bo8-9 la lilemo), mongoli oa "Great Treatise on Music" ("Kitab al-musiki al-kabir"). Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (lekholo la bo9-10 la lilemo). 11 makholo a lilemo), Ganjavi Nizami (12-14 makholo a lilemo), Alisher Navoi (15-17 lilemo tse makholo), hammoho le bangoli ba tse ngata. Lithuto tsa 'mino - Dervish Ali (lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo), jj.

Tlhaloso ea pele ea Europe ea lisebelisoa tsa 'mino ke ea Segerike se seng. rasaense Aristides Quintilian (lekholong la boraro la lilemo BC). Mesebetsi ea pele e khethehileng ho I. e hlahile lekholong la bo3 le la bo16 la lilemo. Jeremane - "'Mino o ntšitsoeng le ho hlahisoa ka Sejeremane" ("Musica getutscht und ausgezogen ...") ka Sebastian Firdung (17nd halofo ea 2th - mathoasong a lilemo tsa 15th), "'mino oa liletsa tsa Jeremane" ("Musica Instrumentalis deudsch") Martin Agricola ( 16-1486) le Syntagma Musicium ka Michael Praetorius (1556-1571). Mesebetsi ena ke mehloli ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea tlhahisoleseding mabapi le Europe. diletsa tsa mmino tsa nako eo. Ba tlaleha ka sebopeho sa liletsa, mokhoa oa ho li bapala, tšebeliso ea liletsa ka solo, ensemble le orc. itloaetsa, joalo-joalo, litšoantšo tsa bona li fanoe. Ea bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa tsoelo-pele ea I. e ne e le mesebetsi ea Bela e kholo ka ho fetisisa. sengoli sa 'mino FJ Fetis (1621-1784). Buka ea hae ea La musique mise a la porte de tout le monde (1871), e nang le tlhaloso ea liletsa tse ngata tsa ’mino, ka 1830 e ile ea hatisoa ka Serussia. phetolelo tlas'a sehlooho "Mmino o utloisisoang ke bohle". Karolo e hlahelletseng thutong ea 'mino. lisebelisoa li fapane. linaha li ne li bapala “Encyclopedia of Music” (“Encyclopédie de la musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire”) ea Sefora se tummeng. setsebi sa ’mino A. Lavignac (1833-1846).

Boitsebiso ba pele ka Bochabela.-Slav. (Serussia) mmino. lisebelisoa li teng litlalehong, tsamaiso-semoea le hagiographic. (hagiographic) lingoliloeng tsa lekholong la bo11 la lilemo. le linako tse latelang. Litšupiso tse ling tse buang ka bona li fumanoa har'a Byzantium. rahistori oa lekholong la bo7 la lilemo Theophylact Simocatta le Moarabia. mongoli le moeti morao 9th - pele ho nako. Lekholong la bo10 la lilemo Ibn Rusty. Ka lilemo tse 16-17. ho hlaha didikishinari tse hlalosang (“ABCs”), moo mabitso a dimuse a fumanehang teng. lisebelisoa le Serussia tse amanang le tsona. dipehelo. Litlhaloso tsa pele tse khethehileng tsa Serussia. nar. lisebelisoa li ile tsa sebelisoa lekholong la bo18 la lilemo. Y. Shtelin sehloohong se reng “Litaba ka ’Mino oa Russia” (1770, ka Sejeremane, phetolelo ea Serussia bukeng. Y. Shtelin, “Music and Ballet in Russia in the 1935th Century”, 1780), SA Tuchkov bukeng ea hae ea “Notes ” (1809-1908, ed. 1795) le M. Guthrie (Guthrie) bukeng ea “Discourses on Russian Antiquities” (“Dissertations sur les antiquitйs de Russie”, 19). Mesebetsi ena e na le tlhahisoleseling mabapi le moralo oa lisebelisoa le ts'ebeliso ea tsona ho Nar. bophelo le muz.-bonono. itloaetsa. Khaolo ea 'mino. lisebelisoa tse tsoang ho "Ho Bea Mabaka" ea Guthrie li 'nile tsa hatisoa khafetsa ka Serussia. puo (ka botlalo le ka tsela e khutsufalitsoeng). Tshimolohong. Lekholo la bo XNUMX la lilemo le ela hloko haholo thuto ea Serussia. nar. lisebelisoa li ile tsa fuoa VF Odoevsky, MD Rezvoy le DI Yazykov, ea ileng a hatisa lihlooho tse buang ka tsona ho Encyclopedic Dictionary of AA Plushar.

Nts'etsopele lekholong la bo19 la lilemo. 'mino, kholo ea solo, ensemble le orc. ts'ebetso, ho ntlafatsa sehlopha sa 'mino oa liletsa le ntlafatso ea liletsa tsa eona li ile tsa lebisa libini ho hlokeheng ha thuto e tebileng ea litšobotsi tsa sebopeho le lipolelo tsa bonono. bokhoni ba lisebelisoa. Ho qala ka G. Berlioz le F. Gevaart, baqapi le li-conductor libukeng tsa bona tsa liletsa ba ile ba qala ho ela hloko haholo tlhaloso ea seletsa se seng le se seng le litšobotsi tsa tšebeliso ea sona ho orc. tshebetso. Ho bolela. monehelo o ile oa boela oa etsoa ke Rus. baqapi. MI Glinka ho "Notes on Orchestration" (1856) e hlalositsoe ka mokhoa o poteletseng. le ho phetha. menyetla ea lisebelisoa tsa symphonic. okhestra. Mosebetsi o moholo oa NA Rimsky-Korsakov "The Basics of Orchestration" (1913) o ntse o sebelisoa. Kenyelletsa. PI Tchaikovsky o kentse bohlokoa ho tsebo ea likarolo tsa liletsa le bokhoni ba ho li sebelisa ka katleho sehlopheng sa 'mino oa liletsa. Ke eena mong’a phetolelo ea Serussia (1866) ea “Guide to Instrumentation” (“Traité général d’instrumentation”, 1863) ea P. Gevart, eo e neng e le buka ea pele ea I. Ketapeleng ea eona, Tchaikovsky o ile a ngola: “ Liithuti ... li tla fumana bukeng ea Gevaart pono e utloahalang le e sebetsang ea matla a liletsa ka kakaretso le botho ba seletsa se seng le se seng ka ho khetheha.

Tšimoloho ea ho thehoa ha I. ka boikemelo. lekala la musicology le ile la behoa mokatong oa 2nd. Li-curator tsa lekholong la bo19 la lilemo le lihlooho tsa limusiamo tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa limusiamo. lisebelisoa - V. Mayyon (Brussels), G. Kinsky (Cologne le Leipzig), K. Sachs (Berlin), MO Petukhov (Petersburg), joalo-joalo Mayyon o ile a hatisa saense ea libuka tse hlano. lethathamo la pokello ea khale le e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea liletsa tsa Brussels Conservatory nakong e fetileng ("Catalogue descriptif et analytique du Musée instrumental (historique et technique) du Conservatoire Royale de musique de Bruxelles", I, 1880).

Batho ba bangata ba fumane botumo lefatšeng ka bophara. liphuputso tsa K. Zaks tšimong ea nar. le moprofesa. lisebelisoa tsa mmino. E khōlō ka ho fetisisa har’a tsona ke “Dictionary of Musical Instruments” (“Reallexikon der Musikinstrumente”, 1913), “Guide to Instrumentation” (“Handbuch der Musikinstrumentenkunde”, 1920), “The Spirit and Formation of Musical Instruments” (“Geist und Werden der Musikinstrumente ", 1929), "Histori ea liletsa tsa 'mino" ("Histori ea liletsa tsa' mino", 1940). Ka puo ea Serussia, buka ea hae "Modern Orchestral Musical Instruments" ("Die modernen Musikinstrumente", 1923, phetolelo ea Serussia - M.-L., 1932) e ile ea hatisoa. Mayon o ile a hlahisa sehlopha sa pele sa saense sa Muses. liletsa, ho li arola ho ea ka 'mele oa molumo ka lihlopha tse 4: autophonic (self-sounding), membrane, moea le likhoele. Ka lebaka la sena, I. ke fumane motheo o tiileng oa saense. Morero oa Mayon o ile oa ntlafatsoa le ho hloekisoa ke E. Hornbostel le K. Sachs ("Systematics of Musical Instruments" - "Systematik der Musikinstrumente", "Zeitschrift für Ethnologie", Jahrg. XLVI, 1914). Tsamaiso ea bona ea lihlopha e itšetlehile ka mekhoa e 'meli - mohloli oa molumo (tšobotsi ea sehlopha) le tsela eo e ntšoang ka eona (tšobotsi ea mefuta). Kaha ba bolokile lihlopha tse 'nè (kapa lihlopha) tse tšoanang - li-idiophone, li-membranophone, li-aerophone le li-chordophone, li arola e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona ka lihlopha tse ngata. mefuta. Sistimi ea likarolo tsa Hornbostel-Sachs ke eona e phethahetseng ka ho fetisisa; e amohetse kananelo e pharalletseng ka ho fetisisa. Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa o le mong, o amoheloang ka kakaretso oa ho arola li-muses. lisebelisoa ha li so be teng. Baletsi ba liletsa ba kantle ho naha le ba Soviet ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho sebetsa ntlafatsong e tsoelang pele ea sehlopha, ka linako tse ling ba fana ka maikutlo a merero e mecha. KG Izikovich mosebetsing oa hae oa 'mino. Liletsa tsa Amerika Boroa Maindia ("'Mino le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa molumo oa Maindia a Amerika Boroa", 1935), ka kakaretso li khomarela morero oa lihlopha tse 'nè tsa Hornbostel-Sachs, li ile tsa atolosa haholo le ho hloekisa karohano ea liletsa ka mefuta. Sengoliloeng se mabapi le lisebelisoa tsa 'mino, publ. khatisong ea 2 ea Great Soviet Encyclopedia (vol. 28, 1954), IZ Alender, IA Dyakonov le DR Rogal-Levitsky ba ile ba etsa boiteko ba ho eketsa lihlopha tsa "lehlaka" (ho akarelletsa le flexatone) le "plate" (moo tubophone). ka li-tubes tsa eona tsa tšepe le tsona li ile tsa oa), ka hona ho nkela tšobotsi ea sehlopha (mohloli oa molumo) sebaka ka subspecies e le 'ngoe (moralo oa liletsa). Mofuputsi oa Slovak Nar. liletsa tsa 'mino L. Leng mosebetsing oa hae ho tsona ("Slovenskй ladove hudebne nastroje", 1959) o ile a lahla ka ho feletseng tsamaiso ea Hornbostel-Sachs 'me a theha tsamaiso ea hae ea lihlopha ka likarolo tsa' mele-acoustic. O arola lisebelisoa ka lihlopha tse 3: 1) li-idiophone, 2) li-membranophone, li-chordophone le li-aerophone, 3) elektronike le li-electrophonic. lisebelisoa.

Litsamaiso tsa lihlopha tse kang tse boletsoeng ka holimo li fumana ho sebelisoa hoo e batlang e le lingoliloeng tsa AD. lisebelisoa, tse khetholloang ke mefuta e mengata ea mefuta le mefuta e mengata, mesebetsing e nehetsoeng ho prof. lisebelisoa, haholo libukeng tsa libuka le uch. libuka tse mabapi le lisebelisoa, esale li sebelisoa (bona, mohlala, mosebetsi o boletsoeng ka holimo oa Gewart) o thehiloe ka mokhoa o tiileng oa setso. karohano ea liletsa hore e be moea (lehong le koporo), likhoele tse khumameng le tse khaotsoeng, molumo oa li-keyboards (organ, piano, harmonium). Ho sa tsotellehe taba ea hore tsamaiso ena ea lihlopha ha e na sekoli ho ea ka pono ea saense (mohlala, e khetholla liphala le li-saxophone tse entsoeng ka tšepe e le lifate tsa mapolanka), liletsa ka botsona li arotsoe ho ea ka mekhoa e fapaneng - moea le likhoele li khetholloa ke molumo. mohloli, percussion - ka tsela e utloahalang. tlhahiso, le keyboards - ka moralo), e khotsofatsa ka botlalo litlhoko tsa accounting. le ho phetha. ditloaelo.

Ka mesebetsi ka I. pl. bo-rasaense ba tsoang linaheng lisele, ch. arr. litsebi tsa litho tsa 'mele (ho kenyeletsoa le K. Sachs), eo ho thoeng ke. mokhoa oa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa libaka o ipapisitse le karabelo e hlahisitsoeng ke F. Grebner. theory of ethnographic of “cultural circles”. Ho ea ka khopolo ena, liketsahalo tse tšoanang li ile tsa hlokomeloa moetlong oa dec. batho (ka hona liletsa tsa 'mino) li tsoa setsing se le seng. Ha e le hantle, li ka etsahala ka December. batho ka boikemelo, mabapi le histori ea bona ea sechaba. ntshetsopele. Ntho e sa tumang haholo ke typology ea papiso. mokhoa o sa nahaneng ka ho kopana ha ho hlaha ha mefuta e bonolo ka ho fetisisa, kapa ho ba teng kapa ho se be teng ha puisano ea histori le ea setso pakeng tsa batho ba nang le kamano e tšoanang kapa ba amanang. lisebelisoa. Mesebetsi e inehetseng mathateng a typology e ntse e ata haholo. E le molao, liletsa li nkoa ho tsona ka thōko ka ho feletseng le tšebeliso ea tsona ea 'mino. itloaetsa. Tse joalo, ka mohlala, ke lithuto tsa G. Möck (Jeremane) ka mefuta ea Europ. phala liphala (“Ursprung und Tradition der Kernspaltflöten…”, 1951, ed. 1956) le O. Elshek (Czechoslovakia) ka mokhoa oa ho sebetsa oa mofuta oa liletsa tsa ’mino oa batho (“Typologische Arbeitverfahren bei Volksmusikibnstrumenten”), ho "Studies of Folk Musical Instruments" ("Studia instrumentorum musicae popularis", t. 1, 1969). Tlatsetso e kholo thutong ea liletsa tsa 'mino oa setso e entsoe ke batho ba joalo ba mehleng ea kajeno. baletsi ba liletsa, ba kang I. Kachulev (NRB), T. Alexandru (SRR), B. Saroshi (Hungary), setsebi lefapheng la Searabia. lisebelisoa tsa G. Farmer (England) le tse ling tse ngata. joalo-joalo Institute of Ethnology ea Jeremane Academy of Sciences (GDR) kopanetsweng. with the Swedish Musical History Ka 1966, musiamo o ile a qala ho hatisa buka e nang le meqolo e mengata e mengata ea Handbook of European Folk Musical Instruments (Handbuch der europdischen Volksmusikinstrumente), e hlophisitsoeng ke E. Stockman le E. Emsheimer. Mosebetsi ona o ntse o etsoa ka ho kenya letsoho ha liletsa tse ngata tsa liletsa. linaha 'me ke sete e feletseng ea data ka moralo oa liletsa, mokhoa oa ho li bapala, 'mino-ho etsa. menyetla, repertoire e tloaelehileng, kopo bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi, histori. nakong e fetileng, joalo-joalo. E 'ngoe ea meqolo "Handbuch" e nehetsoe ho limusiamo. lisebelisoa tsa batho ba Europe. likarolo tsa Soviet Union.

Tse ngata tsa bohlokoa n.-i. mesebetsi e hlahile nalaneng ea moprofesa. liletsa tsa 'mino - libuka "Histori ea 'mino oa liletsa" ("Histori ea 'mino oa liletsa", 1925) A. Kaps (phetolelo ea Serussia 1932), "Liletsa tsa 'Mino" ("Hudebni nastroje", 1938,1954) A. Modra (phetolelo ea Serussia . 1959), "Liletsa tsa 'mino tsa Europe ea Boholo-holo" ("Liletsa tsa' mino tsa Europe ea Boholo-holo", 1941) H. Bessarabova, "Liletsa tsa moea le histori ea tsona" ("Liletsa tsa Woodwind le histori ea tsona", 1957) A. Baynes, "Qalo ea papali ea liletsa tse likhoele” (“Die Anfänge des Streichinstrumentenspiels”, 1964) ka B. Bachmann, monographs, devoted to otd. lisebelisoa, - "Bassoon" ("Der Fagott", 1899) ka W. Haeckel, "Oboe" ("The Oboe", 1956) ka P. Bate, "Clarinet" ("The clarinet", 1954) ka P. Rendall le ba bang.

Ho bolela. Khatiso e nang le meqolo e mengata ea “Histori ea ’Mino ka Lipapiso” (“Musikgeschichte in Bildern”), e ntseng e etsoa GDR, le eona ke ea thahasello ea saense; tla kena. lihlooho ho ea ho sep. meqolo le litlhaloso tsa khatiso ena li na le lintlha tse ngata mabapi le li-muses. lisebelisoa tse fapaneng. batho ba lefatshe.

Russia qetellong ea bo19 - qalong. Lekholo la bo20 la lilemo sebakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa 'mino li sebelitse pl. bafuputsi - AS Famintsyn, AL Maslov, NI Privalov, VV Andreev, NF Findeizen, NV Lysenko, DI Arakchiev (Arakishvili), N. Ya Nikiforovsky, AF Eikhgorn, A. Yuryan, A. Sabalyauskas le ba bang. Ba ile ba bokella 'mino o ruileng le oa merabe. thepa, haholo-holo ka Serussia. lisebelisoa, li bolela. palo ea mesebetsi 'me a rala motheo oa linaha tsa bo-ntat'ae. I. Molemo o khethehileng ho sena ke oa Famintsyn le Privalov. E beha mohlala ho latela bophara ba litaba tse ngotsoeng le li-iconographic. mehloli le tšebeliso ea bona e nang le tsebo ke mesebetsi ea Famintsyn, haholo-holo "Gusli - seletsa sa 'mino sa batho ba Russia" (1890) le "Domra le liletsa tse amanang le 'mino tsa batho ba Russia" (1891), le hoja Famintsyn e ne e le motšehetsi oa lintho tsa tlhaho. mokhoa mme ka hona o ithutile Ch. arr. meralo ea lisebelisoa, hoo e ka bang ho feta ka botlalo litaba tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea tsona ho nar. bophelo le bonono. tshebetso. Ho fapana le eena, Privalov o ile a lefa ka sehloohong. ho ela hloko litaba tsena. Privalov o ngotse lingoloa tse ngata le lithuto tse kholo ka Serussia. le Belarusian. lisebelisoa, mabapi le ho thehoa le mohato oa pele oa tsoelo-pele ea Nar. lisebelisoa tsa VV Andreev. Mesebetsi ea Famintsyn le Privalov e ile ea sebeletsa e le mohlala bakeng sa liletsa tse ling. Maslov o ngotse "Tlhaloso e Tšoantšitsoeng ea Lisebelisoa tsa 'Mino tse bolokiloeng Musiamong oa Dashkovsky Ethnographic Moscow" (1909), e ileng ea sebeletsa e le bonngoe ka lilemo tse ngata. mohloli oo baetsi ba liletsa ba tsoang linaheng tse ling ba ileng ba fumana boitsebiso bo mabapi le liletsa tsa batho ba lulang Russia. Ho ithuta Serussia. nar. lisebelisoa, tse tsamaisoang ke Andreev, li ne li itšetlehile ka ho feletseng ho tse sebetsang. sepheo: o ne a batla ho ntlafatsa sehlopha sa sehlopha sa hae sa 'mino oa liletsa ka liletsa tse ncha. Ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea Lysenko, Arakishvili, Eichhorn, Yuryan le li-muses tse ling. liletsa tsa Maukraine, Mageorgia, Uzbek, Latvia le batho ba bang li se li tsebahala ka ntle ho sebaka seo esale li sebelisoa ka nako e telele.

Liphooko. I. batla ho ithuta mmino. liletsa li amana ka tsela e ke keng ea aroloa le 'mino. boiqapelo, bonono. le moetsi oa ntlo. tloaelo le nalane e akaretsang. mokhoa oa ntlafatso ea setso le bonono-va. Nts'etsopele ea 'mino. boqapi bo lebisa keketsehong ea ts'ebetso. mosebetsi oa matsoho, mabapi le sena, litlhoko tse ncha li behiloe holim'a moralo oa sesebelisoa. Sesebelisoa se phethahetseng haholoanyane, se etsa lintho tse hlokahalang bakeng sa nts'etsopele e tsoelang pele ea liletsa, 'mino le bonono ba ts'ebetso.

Ho Sov. Union e na le libuka tse ngata tsa saense le tse tummeng tsa saense ho I. Haeba e ne e entsoe pele ke Ch. arr. Mabotho a Russia. bo-rasaense, joale e tlatsitsoe ke litsebi tsa 'mino tse tsoang hoo e batlang e le lirephabliki tsohle tsa Union le tse ikemetseng le libaka. Liphuputso li ngotsoe ka lisebelisoa tsa batho ba bangata ba USSR, liteko li entsoe ho bapisa. thuto ea bona. Har'a mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa: "Liletsa tsa 'Mino bakeng sa Batho ba Seukraine" ka G. Khotkevich (1930), "Liletsa tsa' Mino tsa Uzbekistan" ka VM Belyaev (1933), "Liletsa tsa 'Mino oa Segeorgia" ka DI Arakishvili (1940, ka puo ea Segeorgia. ), "Liletsa tsa 'mino tsa naha tsa Mari" ka YA Eshpay (1940), "liletsa tsa' mino tsa batho ba Ukraine" ka A. Gumenyuk (1967), "liletsa tsa 'mino tsa batho ba Abkhazia" ka IM Khashba (1967), "liletsa tsa' mino tsa Moldova" LS Berova (1964), "Atlas of Musical Instruments of the Peoples of the USSR" (1963), joalo-joalo.

Liphooko. baletsi ba liletsa le litsebi tsa 'mino ba thehile mekhoa. palo ea lipampiri tsa saense mabapi le moprofesa. lisebelisoa tsa 'mino le moprofesa. phethahatsa. tseka-ve. Har’a tsona ke The Process of Viols and Violins Formation (1959) ea BA Struve, The Piano in Its Past and Present (1934, e bitsoang The History of the Piano and Its Predecessors, 1967) ea PN Zimin le tse ling. ., hammoho le bukana e kholo ea meqolo e mene ea "Modern Orchestra" ea DR Rogal-Levitsky (1953-56).

Tsoelo-pele ea mathata a I. le thuto ea 'mino. lisebelisoa li sebetsana le histori. le ho phetha. mafapha a conservatories, mekhatlong ea lipatlisiso tsa 'mino; sebakeng sa Leningrad. ka-tseo theatre, 'mino le cinematography ho na le e khethehileng. lefapha la I.

Liphooko. I. hape e ikemiselitse ho fana ka thuso ho libini tse itloaetsang, baqapi le instr. masters mosebetsing oa ntlafatso le kaho bocha ea li-bunks. lisebelisoa, ho ntlafatsa litšoaneleho tsa bona tsa molumo, ts'ebetso ea tekheniki le bonono.-express. menyetla, ho theha malapa bakeng sa ensemble le orc. tshebetso. Khopolo-taba le liteko. mosebetsi ntlheng ena o ntse o etsoa tlasa nat e kholo. lihlopha le lihlopha tsa 'mino oa liletsa, litsing,' mino. uch. mekhatlo, matlo a boqapi, lilaboratori tsa feme le liofisi tsa meralo, hammoho le dep. litsebi tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho.

Liphookong tse ling. conservatories bala khethehileng. 'mino thupelo. I., pele ho thupelo ea liletsa.

References: Privalov HI, Liletsa tsa moea tsa 'mino tsa batho ba Russia, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1906-08; Belyaev VM, 'mino oa Turkmen, M., 1928 (le VA Uspensky); ea hae, Musical Instruments of Uzbekistan, M., 1933; Yampolsky IM, bonono ba violin ea Serussia, karolo ea 1, M., 1951; Guiraud E., Traité pratique d'instrumentation, P., 1895, Serussia. ka. G. Konyusa, M., 1892 (pele ho hatisoa Sefora sa pele), M., 1934; Molemi H., The music and musical instruments of the Arab, NY-L., 1916; ea hae, Studies in Oriental musical instruments, ser. 1-2, L., 1931, Glasgov, 1939; Sachs K., Histori ea liletsa tsa 'mino, NY, 1940; Bachmann W., Die Anfänge des Streichinstrumentenspiels, Lpz., 1964 lisebelisoa tsa 'mino.

KA Vertkov