Medieval frets |

Medieval, ka nepo haholoanyane pherekano ea kereke, melumo ea kereke

lat. modi, toni, tropi; Jeremane Kirchentöne, Kirchentonarten; Mekhoa ea Sefora gregoriens, lithane tsa ecclesiastiques; Mekhoa ea kereke ea Senyesemane

Lebitso la tse robeli (tse leshome le metso e 'meli qetellong ea Renaissance) mekhoa ea monodic e leng motheo oa' mino oa litsebi (ch. arr. church) oa Europe Bophirimela. lilemong tse mahareng.

Ho latela nalane, litsamaiso tse 3 tsa mabitso a S.l.:

1) kamore ea mouoane e nang le linomoro (ea khale ka ho fetisisa; mekhoa e bontšoa ke linomoro tsa Selatine tsa Segerike, mohlala protus - pele, deuterus - ea bobeli, joalo-joalo, ka ho arola ka bobeli ho ea ho ea sebele - e kholo le ea plagal - ea bobeli);

2) lipalo tse bonolo (mekhoa e bontšoa ke lipalo tsa Seroma kapa lipalo tsa Selatine - ho tloha ho I ho ea ho VIII; mohlala, primus toneus kapa I, secundus toneus kapa II, tertius tone kapa III, joalo-joalo);

3) lebitso (nominative; ho ea ka khopolo ea 'mino oa Segerike: Dorian, Hypodorian, Phrygian, Hypophrygian, joalo-joalo). Sistimi e kopaneng ea mabitso bakeng sa S. l. tse robeli:

I – дорийский – protus authenticus II – Hypodorian – protus plagalis III – Phrygian – authentic deuterus IV – hypophrygian – deuterus plagalis V – лидийский – authentic tritus VI – Hypolydian – tritus plagalic autumn VII – tecusardus plagalis VII – tecusardus VII – tecustradius VII – tecustradius VII – tecustradius VII – tecusardus VII – tecustradius

Lihlopha tse ka sehloohong tsa modal S. l. - finalis (molumo oa ho qetela), ambitus (bolumo ea molodi) le - melomong e amanang le pesaleme, - repercussion (hape le tenor, tuba - molumo oa ho pheta-pheta, pesaleme); ho phaella moo, melodi ho S. l. hangata e khetholloang ka molodi o itseng. mekhoa (e tsoang moloding oa lipesaleme). Karolelano ea li-final, ambitus le repercussion e theha motheo oa sebopeho sa e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea S.

Melodich. mekhoa S. l. ho pesaleme melodic (melumo ea lipesaleme) - qalo (mokhoa oa pele), finalis (ho qetela), bohareng (bohareng ba cadence). lisampole tsa melodic. liforomo le melodi ho S. l.:

Sefela “Ave maris Stella.”

Tlhahiso "Ke ile ka hoeletsa ho tsoa botebong ba pelo."

Antiphon "Molao o mocha".

Hallelujah le temana "Laudate Dominum".

Butle-butle "Ba bone".

Kyrie eleison oa 'Misa "Nako ea Paseka".

Mmisa bakeng sa Bafu, kena phomolong e sa feleng.

Ho ea ka litšobotsi tsa S. l. e boetse e kenyelletsa phapang (lat. differentiae tonorum, diffiniones, varietates) - cadence melodic. mekhoa ea pesaleme ea antiphonal e oelang holim'a linoko tse tšeletseng tse qetellang. poleloana eo ho thoeng ke. “doxology e nyenyane” (seculorum amen – “le amen ka ho sa feleng”), eo hangata e hlalosoang ka ho siuoa ha liluma-’moho: Euouae.

Konyana ea Molimo ea 'Misa "Ka Matsatsi a Advent le Lente".

Liphapang li sebetsa e le phetoho ho tloha temaneng ea lipesaleme ho ea ho antiphon e latelang. Ka mantsoe a monate, phapang e alimiloe ho tloha qetellong ea lipina tsa lipesaleme (ka hona, liphetho tsa lipina tsa lipesaleme li boetse li bitsoa liphapang, bona "Antiphonale monasticum pro diurnis horis ...", Tornaci, 1963, p. 1210-18).

Antiphon "Ad Magnificat", VIII G.

Mo lefatsheng le batho. 'mino oa Mehleng e Bohareng (haholo-holo Renaissance), kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, ho ne ho lula ho e-na le mekhoa e meng (hona ke ho se nepahale ha lentsoe "S. l." - ha li tloaelehe bakeng sa' mino oa Mehla e Bohareng, empa haholo-holo bakeng sa 'mino oa kereke, ka hona, lentsoe "mekhoa ea kereke", "melumo ea kereke" e nepahetse haholoanyane). Leha ho le joalo, li ne li hlokomolohuoa ’minong le saenseng. lingoliloeng, tse neng li le tlas’a tšusumetso ea kereke. J. de Groheo (“De musica”, hoo e ka bang ka 1300) o ile a bontša hore ’mino oa lefatše (cantum civilem) “ha o sebelisane hantle” le melao ea kereke. mathata; Glarean ("Dodekachordon", 1547) o ne a lumela hore mokhoa oa Ionian o teng ca. lilemo tse 400. Mehleng e Bohareng ea boholo-holo e fihlileng ho rona. meloli ea lefatše, e seng ea liturgical e fumanoa, mohlala, pentatonic, mokhoa oa Ionian:

Pina ea Sejeremane ka Peter. Con. 9 ea c.

Ka linako tse ling, mekhoa ea Ionian le Aeolian (e tsamaellanang le kholo ea tlhaho le e nyane) le eona e fumanoa ho chant ea Gregorian, mohlala. bongata bohle ba monodic "In Festis solemnibus" (Kyrie, Gloria, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, Ite missa est) bo ngotsoe ka XI, ke hore Ionian, fret:

Kyrie eleison oa 'Misa "Meketeng e mahlonoko."

Feela ka Ser. Lekholong la bo16 la lilemo (sheba "Dodekachordon" Glareana) tsamaisong ea S. l. Li-frets tse ling tse 4 li kenyellelitsoe (ka hona ho ne ho e-na le li-frets tse 12). Litaba tse ncha:

Ho Tsarlino ("Dimostrationi Harmoniche", 1571, "Le Istitutioni Harmoniche", 1573) le Sefora se seng. le Sejeremane. libini tsa lekholong la bo17 la lilemo e fapaneng taxonomy ea leshome le metso e 'meli S. l. e fanoa ha e bapisoa le Glarean. Tsarlino (1558):

G. Zаrlinо. "The Harmonic Institutions", IV, khao. 10.

УM. Мерсенна ("Universal Harmony", 1636-37):

Ke tšoenyehile - ke 'nete. Dorian (s-s1), II mode – plagal subdorian (g-g1), III fret – authentic. Phrygian (d-d1), IV mode - plagal sub-Phrygian (Aa), V - ea sebele. Lydian (e-e1), VI - Plagal Sublydian (Hh), VII - ea sebele. mixolydian (f-f1), VIII - plagal hypomixolydian (c-c1), IX - ea sebele. hyperdoric (g-g1), X - plagal Sub-Hyperdorian (d-d1), XI - ea sebele. hyperphrygian (a-a1), XII - plagal subhyperphrygian (e-e1).

Ho e mong le e mong oa S. l. o hlalositse maikutlo a hae a khethehileng. sebopeho. Ho ea ka litataiso tsa Kereke (haholo-holo mehleng ea pele ea Mehla e Bohareng), ’mino o lokela ho ikarola nthong e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe ea nama, ea “lefatše” e le ea boetsalibe ’me e phahamisetse meea ea moea, ea leholimo, ea Bokreste. Ka hona, Clement oa Alexandria (c. 150 – c. 215) o ile a hanyetsa “mabitso” a boholo-holo, a bahetene a Phrygia, Lydia le Dorian a tšehetsa “molumo oa ka ho sa feleng oa kutloano e ncha, lebitso la Molimo”, khahlanong le “lipina tsa effeminate” le “ morethetho oa ho bokolla”, ho -ry “silafatsa moea” le ho e kenyelletsa “moketeng o lerata” oa komos, molemong oa “thabo ea moea”, “bakeng sa ho kokobetsa le ho kokobetsa bohale ba motho.” O ne a lumela hore "litloaelo (ke hore mekhoa) li lokela ho nkoa ka thata le ho hloeka." Ka mohlala, mokhoa oa Dorian (kereke), o atisa ho khetholloa ke litsebi tsa thuto e le tse hlomphehang, tse hlollang. Guido d'Arezzo o ngola ka "lerato la 6th", "talkativeness of the 7th" frets. Tlhaloso ea tlhaloso ea mekhoa ea mekhoa e atisa ho fanoa ka ho qaqileng, ka mebala-bala (litšoaneleho li fanoe bukeng: Livanova, 1940, leqepheng la 66; Shestakov, 1966, leq. 349), e leng se bontšang pono e phelang ea modal intonation.

Ho latela nalane S. l. ntle le pelaelo e tsoa tsamaisong ea merusu ea kereke. 'mino oa Byzantium - seo ho thoeng ke sona. oktoiha (osmosis; Greek oxto - robeli le nxos - lentsoe, mokhoa), moo ho nang le mekhoa e 8, e arotsoe ka lipara tse 4, tse khethiloeng e le tsa 'nete le plagal (litlhaku tsa pele tse 4 tsa alfabeta ea Segerike, e lekanang le taelo: – II – III – IV), hape li sebelisoa ka Segerike. mabitso a mekhoa (Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Hypodorian, Hypo-Phrygian, Hypolydian, Hypomixolydian). Systematization ea likereke tsa Byzantine. frets e amahanngoa le John oa Damaseka (1st halofo ea 8th century; bona Osmosis). Potso ea Genese ea histori ea mekhoa ea modal ea Byzantium, Dr. Russia le Europe Bophirimela. S.l., leha ho le joalo, e hloka lipatlisiso tse ling. Muses. litsebi tsa likhopolo-taba tsa Mehla e Bohareng ea pele (6th-early 8th century) ha e e-s'o bue ka mekhoa e mecha (Boethius, Cassiodorus, Isidore ea Seville). Ka lekhetlo la pele ba boleloa ka sengoloa, sekhechana sa sona se hatisitsoeng ke M. Herbert (Gerbert Scriptores, I, leq. 26-27) tlas'a lebitso la Flaccus Alcuin (735-804); leha ho le joalo, bongoli ba eona ha bo na pelaelo. Tokomane ea khale ka ho fetisisa e buang ka botšepehi ka S. l. e lokela ho nkoa e le buka ea Aurelian ho tloha Rheome (lekholong la bo9 la lilemo) "Musica disciplina" (c. 850; "Gerbert Scriptores", I, leq. 28-63); qalong ea khaolo ea hae ea 8 "De Tonis octo" e hlahisa sekhechana sohle sa Alcunnos hoo e batlang e le lentsoe ka lentsoe. Mokhoa ("molumo") o hlalosoa mona e le mofuta oa mokhoa oa ho bina (haufi le mohopolo oa modus). Mongoli ha a fane ka mehlala le merero ea 'mino, empa o bua ka lipina tsa li-antiphons, likarabo, li-offertories, communio. Tlalehong e sa tsejoeng ea 9th (?) c. "Alia musica" (e hatisitsoeng ke Herbert - "Gerbert Scriptores", I, leq. 125-52) e se e ntse e bontša meeli e tobileng ea e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 8 S. l. Kahoo, moferefere oa pele (primus tonus) o khethoa e le "tlase" (omnium gravissimus), o nka octave ho mesa (e leng Aa), 'me o bitsoa "Hypodorian". E latelang (octave Hh) ke Hypophrygian, joalo-joalo. (“Gerbert Scriptores,” I, leq. 127a). E fetisoa ke Boethius ("De institutione musica", IV, capitula 15) systematization ea Segerike. transpositional scales of Ptolemy (transpositions of the "perfect system", e ileng ea hlahisa mabitso a mekhoa - Phrygian, Dorian, joalo-joalo - empa feela ka morao, ho nyoloha ka tatellano) ho "Alia musica" e ne e fosahetse bakeng sa tsamaiso ea mekhoa. Ka lebaka leo, Segerike mabitso a mekhoa e ile ea fetoha e amanang le sekala se seng (sheba mekhoa ea boholo-holo ea Segerike). Ka lebaka la ho boloka tlhophiso e kopanetsoeng ea sekala sa modal, tatellano ea tatellano ea mekhoa lits'ebetsong ka bobeli e ile ea lula e ts'oana, ke feela tataiso ea tatellano e ileng ea fetoha - ka har'a taolo ea li-octave tse peli tsa sistimi e phethahetseng ea Bagerike - ho tloha ho A ho ea ho. a2.

Hammoho le tsoelo-pele e eketsehileng ea octave S. l. le ho ata ha solmization (ho tloha lekholong la bo11 la lilemo), tsamaiso ea li-hexachords tsa Guido d'Arezzo le eona e fumane kopo.

Ho thehoa ha polyphony ea Europe (nakong ea Mehla e Bohareng, haholo-holo nakong ea Tsosoloso) ho ile ha senya tsamaiso ea liletsa tsa 'mino haholo. ’me qetellong ea lebisa timetsong ea eona. Ka sehloohong lintlha tse bakileng ho bola ha S. l. e ne e le lipakane tse ngata. ntlo ea polokelo, kenyelletso ea molumo le phetoho ea li-consonant triad motheong oa mokhoa. Polyphony e ile ea phahamisa bohlokoa ba lihlopha tse itseng tsa S. l. - ambitus, liphello, li entse hore ho be le monyetla oa ho fela ka nako e le 'ngoe ho tse peli (kapa esita le tse tharo). medumo (mohlala, ho d le a ka nako e le nngwe). Molumo oa selelekela (musiсa falsa, musica ficta, bona Chromatism) o ne o tlotse diatonicism e tiileng ea S. l., e fokotsehile mme e etsa phapang e sa lekanyetsoang ea sebopeho sa S. l. ea maikutlo a tšoanang, ho fokotsa liphapang pakeng tsa mekhoa ho ea sehloohong se hlalosang tšobotsi - e kholo kapa e nyenyane ea sehlooho. tse tharo. Kamohelo ea li-consonance tsa karolo ea boraro ('me hamorao ea botšelela) lekholong la bo13 la lilemo. (ho tloha ho Franco oa Cologne, Johannes de Garland) e lebisitse ho lilemo tse makholo a 15-16. ts'ebelisong e sa feleng ea li-consonant triad (le li-inversions tsa tsona) mme ka hona ho tsoa. ho hlophisoa bocha ha tsamaiso ea modal, ho e haha ​​holim'a likhetho tse kholo le tse nyane.

S. l. 'mino oa polygonal o ile oa fetoha tumellanong ea modal ea Renaissance (15th-16th century) le ho ea pele ho "harmonic tonality" (kutlwano e sebetsang ea sistimi e kholo e nyane) ea 17th-19th century.

S. l. 'mino oa polygonal lekholong la bo15-16 la lilemo. e na le 'mala o ikhethileng, o hopotsang ka mokhoa o sa hlakang tsamaiso ea modal e kholo e nyane (sheba Major-manyane). Ka tloaelo, ka mohlala, qetello e nang le triad e kholo ea sengoathoana se ngotsoeng ka tumellano ea maikutlo a fokolang (D-dur - ho Dorian d, E-dur - ka Phrygian e). Ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele ea li-harmonics. likarolo tsa sebopeho se fapaneng ka ho feletseng-li-chords-li fella ka tsamaiso ea modal e fapaneng haholo le monody ea pele ea mokhoa oa khale oa 'mino. Sistimi ena ea modal (renaissance modal harmony) e batla e ikemetse ebile e maemong har'a litsamaiso tse ling, hammoho le sl le tonality e nyane haholo.

Ka ho thehoa ha puso ea tsamaiso e kholo-e nyenyane (lilemo tse 17-19), eo pele e neng e le S. l. butle-butle li lahleheloa ke bohlokoa ba tsona, karolo e ’ngoe ea tsona li sala Bok’hatholikeng. bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba kereke (hangata - ka Boprostanta, mohlala, pina ea lipina ea Dorian ea "Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin"). Arola mehlala e khanyang ea S. l. e fumanoang haholo-holo mokatong oa pele. Lekholong la bo1 la lilemo Liphetoho tsa litšobotsi tsa S. l. hlaha ho tloha JS Bach ha ho etsoa melodi ea khale; karolo e feletseng e ka tšehetsoa ka e 'ngoe ea mekhoa ena. Ka hona, pina ea thoriso ea “Herr Gott, dich loben wir” (mongolo oa eona ke phetolelo ea Sejeremane ea pina ea khale ea Selatine, e ileng ea etsoa ka 17 ke M. Luther) ka mokhoa oa Sefrigia, e hlophisitsoeng ke Bach bakeng sa sehlopha sa k’hoaere ( BWV 1529 , 16, 190) le bakeng sa organ (BWV 328), ke ts'ebetsong ea pina ea khale ea "Te deum laudamus" ea molumo oa bone, 'me likarolo tsa melodic li bolokiloe ts'ebetsong ea Bach. liforomo tsa ena Wed.-Century. melumo.

JS Bach. Selelekela sa choral bakeng sa setho.

Haeba likarolo tsa S. l. tumellanong le lekholo la bo17 la lilemo. le 'mino oa mehleng ea Bach - masala a moetlo oa khale, joale ho qala ka L. Beethoven (Adagio "In der lydischen Tonart" ho tloha quartet op. 132) ho na le tsosoloso ea tsamaiso ea khale ea modal motheong o mocha. . Nakong ea maikutlo a lerato, tšebeliso ea mefuta e fetotsoeng ea S. l. e amahanngoa le linako tsa setaele, ho ipiletsa ho 'mino oa nakong e fetileng (ka F. Liszt, J. Brahms; ka phapang ea 7 ho tloha ho Tchaikovsky's variations for piano op. 19 No 6 - mokhoa oa Phrygian o nang le tonic e tloaelehileng e kholo qetellong) 'me e kopanya le baqapi ba tlhokomelo e ntseng e eketseha ho mekhoa ea' mino oa setso (bona mekhoa ea Tlhaho), haholo-holo F. Chopin, B. Bartok, baqapi ba Marussia ba makholo a 19-20.

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Yu. H. Kholopov