Sociology ea 'mino |
Melao ea 'Mino

Sociology ea 'mino |

Lihlopha tsa bukantswe
dipehelo le mehopolo

Sociology ea Sefora, ho lumeloa. – thuto ea sechaba, ho tloha lat. societas - sechaba le Segerike. logos - lentsoe, thuto

Saense ea tšebelisano ea 'mino le sechaba le tšusumetso ea mefuta e itseng ea bophelo ba eona sechabeng mabapi le boqapi ba' mino, ts'ebetso le sechaba.

S. m. e ithuta mekhoa e akaretsang ea nts'etsopele ea muses. litso le nalane ea tsona. typology, mefuta ea 'mino. bophelo ba sechaba, dec. mefuta ea mesebetsi ea 'mino (litsebi le tse sa tloaelehang, setso), likarolo tsa' mino. puisano ka maemo a fapaneng a sechaba, ho thehoa ha muses. litlhoko le lithahasello lia fapana. lihlopha tsa sechaba sechabeng, melao e tla phetha. ditlhaloso tsa mmino. tlhahiso, mathata a phihlello le botumo ba mmino. tlhahiso. Marxist sociology, mahlale a bonono, ho kenyeletsoa. S. m., o kentse letsoho thutong ea mekhoa ea ho theha bonono. litatso tsa ho rarolla ka holim'a tsohle tse sebetsang. mesebetsi e metle. kgodiso sechabeng sa socialist.

S. m. e ile ea thehoa mateanong a thuto ea 'mino, thuto ea kahisano, psychology le aesthetics. E le e 'ngoe ea likarolo, e kenyelelitsoe ho sociology of art. Theory le methodological motheo oa Marxist S. m. ke histori. le dialectic. lerato la lintho tse bonahalang. S. m. e hloka ho nahanela 'mino e le ketsahalo e lumellanang le maemo a sechaba, ho kenyelletsa le thuto ea hore na bophelo ba sechaba le pono ea lefatše ea moqapi li bonahatsoa joang ka litaba le sebopeho sa eona. Methodological and methodical melao-motheo ea ho nahanela ho joalo (eo ho thoeng ke thuto ea kahisano, mokhoa) thutong ea ’mino e ile ea qala ho ba teng esita le nakong ea pele ho Marxist, empa e ne e le Marxism e hlileng e leng saense. S. motheo oa m.

Litsela tse tharo li ka khetholloa ka S. m. Theory S. m. e kenella thutong ea mekhoa e akaretsang ea tšebelisano lipakeng tsa 'mino le sechaba, mofuta oa muses. meetlo. Histori S. m. e ithuta le ho akaretsa lintlha tsa nalane ea muses. bophelo ba sechaba. Ka hare ho sebaka sa empirical (konkreite, e sebetsang kapa e sebelisoang) S. m. e kenyelletsa thuto le kakaretso ea lintlha tse amanang le karolo ea 'mino mehleng ea kajeno. sechaba (thuto ea litlaleho tsa lipalo-palo mabapi le ho ba teng likonsarete, thekisong ea lirekoto tsa keramafono, mosebetsing oa litšoantšiso tse sa tloaelehang, ho shebella ka ho toba bophelo ba 'mino, mefuta eohle ea likhetho, lipotso, lipuisano, joalo-joalo). Kahoo, S. m. bopa saense. motheo wa mokgatlo wa mmino. bophelo, ho bo laola.

Mehopolo e arohaneng mabapi le kamano ea 'mino le sechaba. bophelo bo ne bo se bo ntse bo fuperoe ke lingoliloeng tsa boholo-holo. bo-rafilosofi, haholo-holo Plato le Aristotle. Ba ne ba nahana ka mesebetsi ea sechaba ea 'mino, e tla hlahisa. karolo, kamano ea eona le bamameli, e hlokometse karolo ea 'mino tsamaisong ea mmuso, mokhatlong oa mekhatlo. bophelo le kgolo ya boitshwaro. litšobotsi tsa botho. Aristotle o ile a fana ka maikutlo a ho sebelisoa lichabeng. bophelo ba ’mino (“Lipolotiki”) hammoho le Plato (“Melao”) ba hlahisitse taba ea mofuta oa batho. Mesebetsing ea Mehla e Bohareng. Bangoli ba fana ka lihlopha tsa mefuta ea 'mino. art-va, ho tloha mesebetsing ea sechaba le maemo a ho ba teng ha 'mino (Johannes de Groheo, qetellong ea 13th - mathoasong a lekholo la bo14 la lilemo). Nakong ea Renaissance, karolo ea mekhatlo. Tšebeliso ea 'mino e eketsehile haholo,' mino o ikemetse. qoso. Ka lilemo tse 15-16. mesebetsing ea Dutchman J. Tinktoris, Mataliana B. Castiglione, C. Bartoli, E. Botrigari, mefuta e itseng ea ho ba teng ha 'mino e ne e nkoa. Spain. moqapi le setsebi sa khopolo F. Salinas se hlalositsoe ka dec. mefuta ea batho. le mmino wa ka tlung, wa morethetho. diponahatso tsa tsona tse neng di amahanngwa ke mongodi le morero wa tsona wa bophelo. Tloaelo ea litlhaloso tsa sechaba. bophelo ba ’mino bo ile ba tsoela pele lekholong la bo17 la lilemo. Setsebi sa thuto ea Jeremane M. Pretorius, ea ileng a hlokomela, haholo-holo, hore matšoao a ho bola. mefuta ea 'mino e itšetlehile ka tšebeliso ea bona. Ka lilemo tse 17-18. ka ntshetsopele ya mekgatlo ya mmino. bophelo, ho buloa ha likonsarete tsa sechaba le t-ditch, boemo ba sechaba le maemo a mosebetsi oa baetsi le baqapi e ba taba ea ho shebella. Boitsebiso bo mabapi le sena bo teng mesebetsing ea libini tse ngata (I. Kunau, B. Marcello, C. Burney, le ba bang). Sebaka se khethehileng se ile sa fuoa sechaba. Kahoo, E. Arteaga o hlalositse mefuta ea sechaba ea bamameli le bashebelli. Lipalo tsa Jeremane. le French Enlightenment I. Scheibe, D'Alembert, A. Gretry o ngotse ka mesebetsi ea sechaba ea 'mino. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea phetohelo e kholo ea Fora le ka lebaka la tumello ea capitalist. moaho ka Bophirima. Europe ka kopanelo. 18th-19th lekholong la lilemo kamano pakeng tsa 'mino le sechaba e ile ea fumana sebopeho se secha. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho ne ho e-na le demokrasi ea li-muses. bophelo: selikalikoe sa bamameli se ile sa atoloha, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho itšetleha ha libini ho bo-rakhoebo le bahoeletsi ba phehellang lipakane tsa khoebo feela ho ile ha eketseha haholo, khohlano pakeng tsa nyeoe le litlhoko tsa bourgeoisie e ile ea tota. setjhaba. Lingoliloeng tsa ETA Hoffmann, KM Weber, R. Schumann, kamano pakeng tsa moqapi le sechaba e ile ea bonahala, boemo bo sa tsitsang, bo tlotlollang ba sebini sa bourgeoisie bo ile ba hlokomeloa. sechaba. F. Liszt le G. Berlioz ba ile ba lebisa tlhokomelo e khethehileng tabeng ena.

Ka con. 19 - kopa. Bophelo ba 'mino oa lekholong la bo20 la lilemo dec. mehla le lichaba li fetoha taba ea tsamaiso. boithuto. Libuka lia hlaha. "Musical Questions of the Epoch" ("Musikalische Zeitfragen", 1903) ka G. Kretschmar, "Jeremane 'Mino oa Bophelo. Boiphihlelo ba ho nahana ka mmino le kahisano … “(“Das deutsche Musikleben …”, 1916) P. Becker, “Mathata a mmino a mehleng ya rona le tharollo ya ona” (“Die musikalischen Probleme der Gegenwart und ihre Lösung”, 1920) K. Blessinger , to-rye BV Asafiev o bitsitse "mofuta oa propylaea mathateng a 'mino le a sechaba", hammoho le libuka tsa X. Moser, J. Combarier. Har'a tse mpe ka ho fetisisa. setsebi sa mmino. libuka tsa qalong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, ea ileng a hlalosa thuto ea kahisano. katamelo ea 'mino, - moqoqo "Symphony from Beethoven to Mahler" ("Die Sinfonie von Beethoven bis Mahler", 1918) ka Becker.

Ka nako ena, lipono tse ngata tsa kahisano li ile tsa bokelloa 'me Rus. nahana ka mmino. Kahoo, AN Serov mosebetsing oa "Music. Tlhahlobo ea boemo ba hona joale ba bonono ba 'mino Russia le linaheng tse ling" (1858) e hlahisitse lipotso tse amanang le mesebetsi ea' mino sechabeng. bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi le phello ea maemo a bophelo ho litaba le mokhoa oa 'mino. boqapi, bo ile ba fetohela bothateng ba tšusumetso e tšoanang ea mofuta le mokhoa oa 'mino. tlhahiso. VV Stasov le PI Tchaikovsky maemong a mahlonoko. sets'oants'o se setseng sa li-muses. bophelo dec. maemo a batho. Sebaka se seholo sa ho nyatsuoa ha 'mino oa Serussia se ne se tšoarehile ka maikutlo a' mino ke sechaba. Ka con. 19 - kopa. Lekholo la bo20 la lilemo le qala nts'etsopele ea 'mino-sociology. mathata a moralo oa tiori.

Ka 1921, buka e ile ea hatisoa ke e mong oa bathehi ba bourgeoisie. S. m., e fetoletseng moelelo. tšusumetso ho nts'etsopele ea Western-European. sociology of Culture, - M. Weber "Metheo e utloahalang le ea kahisano ea 'mino." Joalokaha AV Lunacharsky a hlokometse ("Mokhoeng oa kahisano historing le khopolo ea 'mino", 1925), mosebetsi oa Weber e ne e le "thuto feela, mokhoa oa ho finyella meeli e akaretsang ea sehlooho." O ile a hohela barui ka 'nete. lintho tse bonahalang, empa ka nako e ts'oanang o ile a ts'oaroa ke ts'ebeliso e mpe ea sociology le mekhoa e fosahetseng. melao-motheo (neo-Kantianism). Ho Zap. Europe, mehopolo ea Weber e ntlafalitsoe ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1950 le bo-60, ha mesebetsi e mengata ea S. m. Boholo ba Europe Bophirimela. bo-rasaense ba hana ho hlalosa S. m. joalo ka boikemelo. saense le ho nka e le lekala la musicology, empiric. sociology kapa mmino. botle ba botle. Ka hona, K. Blaukopf (Austria) o hlalosa 'mino oa' mino e le thuto ea mathata a sechaba a histori le khopolo ea 'mino, e lokelang ho tlatsana le lineano. libaka tsa musicology. A. Zilberman, G. Engel (Jeremane) ba ithuta kabo le tšebeliso ea 'mino sechabeng le maikutlo a mabapi le eona a senyeha. mekhatlo. lihlopha tsa bamameli. Ba bokeletse lintho tsa sebele tsa sechaba le tsa moruo. boemo ba dibini ha bo senyehile. nako ("'Mino le Sechaba" G. Engel, 1960, joalo-joalo), empa a lahlile theory. generalizations empirical. thepa. Mesebetsing ea T. Adorno (Jeremane), S. m. e amogetswe segolobogolo ka teori. ho kganya moetlong wa yona. monahano oa filosofi ka 'mino' me ha e le hantle o qhibilihile 'mino. botle ba botle. Libukeng tsa hae "Philosophy of New Music" ("Philosophie der Neuen Musik", 1958), "Selelekela ho Sociology of Music" (1962) Adorno o ile a nahana ka mesebetsi ea sechaba ea 'mino, typology ea bamameli, mathata a mehleng ea kajeno. bophelo ba 'mino, lipotso tsa ho thuisa 'mino oa sebopeho sa sehlopha sa sechaba, lintlha tse tobileng tsa litaba le histori, tsoelo-pele ea lefapha. mefuta, naha mofuta oa 'mino. boiqapelo. O ile a ela hloko ka ho khetheha ho nyatsuoa ha bourgeois. “setso sa bongata”. Leha ho le joalo, e ile ea nyatsuoa ka matla ke Adorno ho latela pono ea mosireletsi oa mefuta e phahameng ea bonono.

Europe Bophirimela. linaha le USA li hlahisitse lipotso tse 'maloa S. m, ho kenyeletsa. mokhoa le ho hokahanya ha mecha ea litaba ea sechaba le litloaelo tse ling - T. Adorno, A. Zilberman, T. Kneif, H. Eggebrecht (Jeremane); mesebetsi ea sechaba ea 'mino mehleng ea imperialism le saense le theknoloji. liphetohelo - T. Adorno, G. Engel, K. Fellerer, K. Maling (Jeremane), B. Brook (USA); sebopeho sa mmino. setso sa bokapitale. linaha, mekhatlo, moruo. le tsa kahisano le tsa kelello. boemo ba baqapi le libini tse bapalang - A. Zilberman, G. Engel, Z. Borris, V. Viora (Jeremane), J. Muller (USA); sebopeho le boitšoaro ba sechaba, boemo ba sechaba ba mmino. litatso - A. Zilberman, T. Adorno (Jeremane), P. Farnsworth (USA) le J. Leclerc (Belgium); kamano pakeng tsa 'mino le mecha ea phatlalatso ea bongata (lipatlisiso li hokahanngoa ke Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Puisano ea Audio-Visual le Ntšetso-pele ea Setso Vienna, moeletsi oa saense - K. Blaukopf); bophelo ba mmino dec. strata ea sechaba - K. Dahlhaus (Jeremane), P. Willis (Great Britain), P. Bodo (Fora); mathata a mmino wa kahisano. setso - V. Viora (Jeremane), A. Merriam, A. Lomax (USA), D. Carpitelli (Italy). Ho tse ling tsa mesebetsi ena ho na le lintlha tse ngata tsa 'nete, empa boholo ba tsona li thehiloe mekhoeng ea filosofi ea eclectic.

S. m. USSR le socialist tse ling. linaha. Ho Sov. Union 20s. e ile ea e-ba qalo ea tsoelo-pele ea S. m. Karolo ea makhaola-khang ho sena e ile ea bapaloa ke mekhoa e ileng ea etsahala lichabeng. bophelo. Mokha oa Makomonisi le puso ea Soviet ho tloha matsatsing a pele a Oct. Revolution ea 1917 e ile ea hlahisa lepetjo le reng: "Art to the people!". Matla ohle a bonono. ba bohlale ba ile ba bokelloa ho phethahatsa leano la Leninist la phetoho ea setso. Merubing muz.-sociological. mesebetsi ea lilemong tsa bo-20. mathata a akaretsang mabapi le sechaba a hlahisoa pele. mofuta wa mmino le melao ya nalane ya ona. ntshetsopele. Ea bohlokoa haholo ke mesebetsi ea AV Lunacharsky. E ipapisitse le sebopeho se mafolofolo sa bonono. ho nahanisisa, o ile a nahana ka litaba tsa muses. botaki ka lebaka la tšebelisano ea botho ba moqapi le tikoloho ea sechaba. Sehloohong se reng "The Social Origins of Musical Art" (1929), Lunacharsky o ile a boela a hatisa hore bonono ke mokhoa oa puisano sechabeng. Lihloohong tse reng "E 'ngoe ea liphetoho historing ea bonono" (1926), "Tšimoloho ea sechaba ea bonono ba' mino" (1929), "Litsela tse ncha tsa opera le ballet" (1930), o ile a hlalosa tse ka sehloohong. mesebetsi ea 'mino sechabeng, ho kenyeletsoa botle le thuto. Lunacharsky o ile a hatisa bokhoni ba 'mino, hammoho le bonono ka kakaretso, ho theha le ho fetola kelello ea sechaba, a hatisa hore' mino ka linako tsohle e ne e le mokhoa oa puisano. BL Yavorsky o kentse bohlokoa bo boholo kamanong e teng lipakeng tsa boqapi le sechaba. temoho. E bolela ho feta. sebaka se nkiloe ke mathata a S. m. mesebetsing ea BV Asafiev. Sehloohong se reng "Ka Mesebetsi e Mehang ea Sociology of Music" (selelele sa buka "Music of the Medieval City" ea G. Moser, e fetoletsoeng ho tsoa Sejeremane, 1927), Asafiev o ile a qala ka ho hlalosa lintlha tse ngata tseo S. m. lokela ho sebetsana le, 'me har'a bona - mekhatlo. mesebetsi ea 'mino,' mino oa bongata. setso (ho kenyeletsoa 'mino oa letsatsi le letsatsi), tšebelisano ea motse le mahaeng, mekhoa ea maikutlo a' mino le nts'etsopele ea 'mino. "moruo" le "tlhahiso" (ho bapala, liletsa, mekhatlo ea konsarete le ea lipapali, joalo-joalo), sebaka sa 'mino bophelong ba lichaba tse fapaneng. lihlopha, ho iphetola ha lipapali. mefuta e itshetlehileng ka maemo a boteng ba mmino. Lingoliloeng tse ngata tsa 20s. Asafiev e ile ea ama maemo a sechaba a ho ba teng ha 'mino ka linako tse fapaneng, boemo ba mefuta ea setso le e ncha ea malapa toropong le mahaeng. Buka ea "Musical Form as a Process" e ngotsoeng ke Asafiev (1930) e ne e e-na le menahano e behang litholoana mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa boqapi le temoho ts'ebetsong ea mantsoe, e bonts'itse mokhoa oa ho etsa sechaba. ho etsa 'mino ho ka susumetsa boqapi. Ketapeleng ya buka ya hae. "Mmino oa Russia ho tloha Tšimolohong ea Lekholo la 1930" (XNUMX) Asafiev e ile ea hlahloba mefuta ea 'mino oa ho etsa' mino oa maemo a fapaneng a moruo oa sechaba. libopeho.

Lilemong tsa bo-1920 ho Sov. Union, hammoho le khopolo-taba e senotsoeng ea konkreite ea kahisano. lipatlisiso tsa 'mino. setso. Tlas'a Setsi sa Histori ea Art Leningrad, ka lekhetlo la pele ts'ebetsong ea lefats'e, ho ile ha thehoa Kabinete ea Thuto ea Muses. bophelo (KIMB). RI Gruber o ile a nka karolo e mafolofolo mokhatlong le mosebetsing oa eona. Ho sa tsotellehe katleho, mesebetsing e mengata, liphooko. litsebi tsa 'mino tsa lilemong tsa bo-1920 ho ne ho e-na le litšekamelo tsa ho nolofatsa mathata a rarahaneng, ho hlokomoloha lintlha tse khethehileng tsa bonono. boqapi, kutloisiso e batlang e otlolohile ea ho its'etleha ha sebopeho se phahameng moruong. motheo, ke hore seo ka nako eo se neng se bitsoa vulgar sociologism.

Bakeng sa S.m., khopolo ea Asafiev ea "dikishinari ea "intonation ea nako" e le "sephiri" sa botumo le sechaba e fumane bohlokoa bo boholo. ho sebetsa ha tlhahiso, hammoho le khopolo-taba ea "mathata a "intonation", a ngotsoeng bukeng ea hae. "Sebopeho sa 'mino e le ts'ebetso. Buka ea bobeli. "Intonation" (1947). Potso ea kamano pakeng tsa boqapi ba moqapi le "mofuta oa letlole" la mehleng eo e ile ea ntlafatsoa lilemong tsa bo-30. AA Alshvang. O ile a hlahisa maikutlo a behang litholoana ka "kakaretso ka mofuta oa mofuta", e ileng ea ntlafatsoa hape bukeng ea hae ea monograph ho PI Tchaikovsky (1959). Potso ea "mofuta" e le 'mino le thuto ea kahisano. sehlopha se ile sa boela sa hlahisoa ke SS Skrebkov (sehlooho "Bothata ba Mofuta oa 'Mino le Sebele", 1952).

Joalo ka boikemelo. lithuto tsa mahlale tsa S. m. ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-60. e qalile ho ntlafatsoa mesebetsing ea AN Sohor. Lingoliloeng tsa hae tse ngata haholo-holo bukeng. "Sociology and musical Culture" (1975) e hlalosa taba ea mehleng ea kajeno. 'Mino oa' mino oa Marxist, o hlalosa mesebetsi ea oona, sebopeho le mekhoa, o hlalosa tsamaiso ea 'mino oa sechaba, o tiisa leano la typology la sechaba sa kajeno sa' mino. Ka morero oa Sohor, likopano tse ngata tsa Machaba a Kopaneng le tsa machaba ka mathata a S. m. Sehlopha sa limusiamo se bontšitse tšebetso e kholo tšimong ea S. m. sociology Moscow. mafapha a CK RSFSR, ho ithuta 'mino. litakatso tsa bacha ba Moscow (GL Golovinsky, EE Alekseev). Bukeng. "Music and the Listener" ea VS Tsukerman (1972) e akaretsa lintlha tse tsoang lithutong tse khethehileng tsa 'mino. Bophelo ba Urals, ho etsoa boiteko ba ho hlalosa likhopolo tse kang muses. setso sa sechaba, mmino. ditlhoko tsa baahi. Lipotso tsa mesebetsi ea sechaba ea 'mino le liphetoho tsa oona' mino oa kajeno li ntse li ntlafatsoa. maemo, typology ea lihlopha tsa liithuti, lihlopha le thuto ea sechaba. karolo ea 'mino o fetisitsoeng seea-le-moeeng le thelevisheneng (GL Golovinsky, EE Alekseev, Yu. V. Malyshev, AL Klotin, AA Zolotov, G. Sh. Ordzhonikidze, LI Levin). Mathata a 'mino oa kahisano. litšōmo li nkoa mesebetsing ea II Zemtsovsky, VL Goshovsky le ba bang. le tsa kahisano le tsa kelello. E. Ya. Burliva, EV Nazaykinsky le ba bang ba sebetsana le mathata a maikutlo a 'mino. ts'ebetso tsamaisong ea mecha ea litaba ea ho aba 'mino e tšohloa lihloohong tsa LA Barenboim, GM Kogan, NP Korykhalova, Yu. V. Kapustin le ba bang. classic le merubisi. musicology ke moetlo oa ho ithuta mefuta ea 'mino mabapi le morero oa eona oa bohlokoa le maemo a ts'ebetso. Mathata ana a rarolloa ho ea ka mehleng ea kajeno, hammoho le histori. Har'a mesebetsi ea mofuta ona, mesebetsi ea AN Sohor, MG Aranovsky, LA Mazel, VA Tsukkerman e hlahella.

Liphihlello tsa bohlokoa tšimong ea S. m. li fihletsoe ke bo-rasaense ba bososhiale ba bang. linaha. E. Pavlov (Bulgaria), K. Niemann (GDR), le ba bang ba ile ba qapa mokhoa oa ho ithuta sechaba le kamano ea sona le mekhoa e tloaelehileng le e mecha ea ho aba ’mino. Mesebetsi ea I. Vitania (Hungary) e nehetsoe 'mino. bophelo ba bocha, J. Urbansky (Poland) - ho mathata a 'mino seea-le-moeeng le thelevisheneng. Romania (K. Brailoiu le sekolo sa hae) ho qapiloe mekhoa ea kahisano. lithuto tsa mmino. folklore. Har'a mesebetsi ea khopolo-taba - "Selelekela sa thuto ea kahisano ea 'mino" ka I. Supipic (Yugoslavia, 1964), e koahelang mathata a mangata a saense ena, ho kenyelletsa le lintlha tsa eona tse tobileng, mekhoa, kamano le setso. thuto ya mmino. Tlas'a bohlophisi ba Supicic, makasine e 'nile ea hatisoa ho tloha 1970. "Tlhahlobo ea Machaba ea Aesthetics le Sociology ea 'Mino", Zagreb. Litaba tse ling tse akaretsang tsa S. m. bo-rasaense L. Mokri, I. Kresanek, I. Fukach, M. Cerny. Z. Lissa (Poland) o fane ka mekhoa. tlatsetso ho nts'etsopele ea mathata a joalo ka maemo a sechaba le nalane. phetoho ea 'mino. temoho, sechaba. tlhatlhobo ya mmino, ditso tsa mmino le setso. J. Uyfalushshi le J. Maroti (Hungary) ba ithuta mokhoa oa ho sebelisana le batho ba mamelang.

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AH Coxop, Yu. V. Kapustin

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