Phello |

French oververture, ho tloha lat. apertura - ho bula, ho qala

Kenyelletso ea liletsa tsa tšebetso ea theatrical ka 'mino (opera, ballet, operetta, terama), bakeng sa mosebetsi oa liletsa tse kang cantata le oratorio, kapa letoto la liletsa tse kang suite, lekholong la bo20 la lilemo. Hape bakeng sa lifilimi. Mofuta o khethehileng oa U. - conc. papali e nang le likarolo tse ling tsa terama. mohlala. Mefuta e 'meli ea mantlha ea U. - papali e nang le selelekela. sebetsa, 'me ba ikemetse. tlhahiso. ka tlhaloso ya tshwantshiso le tlhamo. thepa-ba sebelisana ts'ebetsong ea ntlafatso ea mofuta (ho tloha lekholong la bo19 la lilemo). Ntho e tloaelehileng ke theatre e sa tsejoeng haholo. tlhaho ea U., "motsoako oa likarolo tse ngata tsa sebopeho sa moralo ka mokhoa o tsotehang ka ho fetisisa" (BV Asafiev, Selected Works, vol. 1, p. 352).

Nalane ea U. e khutlela methating ea pele ea nts'etsopele ea opera (Italy, qalong ea 16th-17th century), le hoja lentsoe ka boeona le thehiloe karolong ea bobeli. Lekholo la bo2 la lilemo Fora 'me joale e ile ea ata. Toccata ho opera Orfeo ea Monteverdi (17) e nkoa e le eona ea pele. 'Mino oa fanfare o ne o bontša moetlo oa khale oa ho bula litšoantšiso ka meketjana e ipiletsang. Hamorao Setaliana. opera introductions, e leng tatellano ea likarolo tse 1607 - ka potlako, butle le ka potlako, tlas'a lebitso. "Li-symphonies" (sinfonia) li ne li tsitsitse lipapaling tsa sekolo sa opera sa Neapolitan (A. Stradella, A. Scarlatti). Likarolo tse feteletseng hangata li kenyelletsa meaho ea fugue, empa ea boraro hangata e na le motjeko oa mofuta oa lapeng. moanelwa, fa wa fa gare a farologanngwa ka molodi, molodi. Ke tloaelo ho bitsa li-symphonies tse joalo tsa operatic Setaliana U. Ka ho ts'oana, mofuta o fapaneng oa likarolo tse 3 tsa U. o hlahisitsoe Fora, oa khale. lisampole tsa sehiloeng li entsoe ke JB Lully. Bakeng sa French U. hangata e lateloa ke kenyelletso e liehang, e ntle, karolo e potlakileng ea fugue, le moaho o liehang oa ho qetela, o pheta ka bokhuts'oane thepa ea kenyelletso kapa e ts'oanang le sebopeho sa eona ka kakaretso. Lisampoleng tse ling tsa morao, karolo ea ho qetela e ile ea siuoa, ea nkeloa sebaka ke kaho ea cadenza e tsamaeang butle. Ho phaella ho baqapi ba Mafora, mofuta oa Sefora. W. o e sebelisitse. baqapi ba mokatong oa pele. Lekholong la bo3 la lilemo (JS Bach, GF Handel, GF Telemann le ba bang), ba lebeletse le eona eseng feela li-operas, cantatas le oratorios, empa hape le instr. li-suites (tabeng ea ho qetela, lebitso U. ka linako tse ling le atolosoa ho ea ho potoloho eohle ea suite). Karolo e ka sehloohong e ile ea bolokoa ke opera U., tlhaloso ea mesebetsi ea letšoele e ile ea baka maikutlo a mangata a loantšanang. Mmino o itseng. lipalo (I. Mattheson, IA Shaibe, F. Algarotti) li hlahisitse tlhokahalo ea khokahano ea mohopolo le 'mino oa tšoantšetso lipakeng tsa opera le opera; lefapheng Maemong a mang, baqapi ba ile ba etsa mofuta ona oa ho hokahanya liletsa tsa bona (Handel, haholo-holo JF Rameau). Phetoho ea makhaola-khang tsoelopeleng ea U. e bile mokatong oa bobeli. Lekholong la bo1 la lilemo ka lebaka la tumello ea sonata-symphony. melao-motheo ea nts'etsopele, hammoho le mesebetsi ea ntlafatso ea KV Gluck, ea ileng a hlalosa U. e le "kena. tlhahlobo ea litaba tsa opera. cyclic. mofuta o ile a fana ka tsela ea karolo e le 'ngoe ea U. ka sebopeho sa sonata (ka linako tse ling ka kenyelletso e khutšoanyane e liehang), eo ka kakaretso e neng e fetisa molumo o ka sehloohong oa tšoantšiso le sebopeho sa sehlooho. likhohlano ("Alceste" ka Gluck), e leng lefapheng. linyeoe e concretized ka tshebediso ya mmino ka U. ka tsela e tšoanang. operas ("Iphigenia in Aulis" ka Gluck, "The Abduction from the Seraglio", "Don Giovanni" ka Mozart). Ho bolela. Baqapi ba nako ea Great French ba ile ba kenya letsoho haholo ho nts'etsopele ea opera opera. phetohelo, haholo-holo L. Cherubini.

Kenyelletsa. Mosebetsi oa L. Beethoven o phethile karolo ho nts'etsopele ea mofuta oa wu. Ho matlafatsa 'mino-thematic. mabapi le opera ea 2 ea liphetolelo tse hlollang ka ho fetisisa tsa W. ho ea ho "Fidelio", o ile a bonahatsa liemahaleng tsa bona. nts'etsopele ea nako ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea dramaturgy (e tobileng haholoanyane ho Leonora No. 2, ho nahanela lintlha tse tobileng tsa mofuta oa symphonic - ho Leonora No. 3). Mofuta o tšoanang oa tšoantšiso ea mohale. Beethoven o ile a lokisa lenaneo la 'mino bakeng sa litšoantšiso (Coriolanus, Egmont). Baqapi ba Romantic ba Majeremane, ba ntlafatsang lineano tsa Beethoven, ba tlatsa W. ka lihlooho tsa tšebetso. Ha u khetha bakeng sa U. ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa muses. litšoantšo tsa opera (hangata - leitmotifs) le ho latela symphony ea eona. Ha mokhoa o akaretsang oa morero oa opereishene o ntse o tsoela pele, W. e fetoha "terama ea liletsa" e batlang e ikemetse (mohlala, W. ho ea ho li-opera tsa The Free Gunner ka Weber, The Flying Dutchman, le Tannhäuser ea Wagner). Ka Setaliana. 'mino, ho kenyelletsa le oa G. Rossini, ha e le hantle o boloka mofuta oa khale oa U. - ntle le ho toba. likamano le nts'etsopele ea sehlooho le morero oa opera; mokhelo ke moqapi oa opera ea Rossini William Tell (1829), e nang le sebopeho se le seng le kakaretso ea linako tsa bohlokoa tsa 'mino oa opera.

Liphihlello tsa Europe. 'Mino oa Symphony ka kakaretso' me, haholoholo, kholo ea boikemelo le mohopolo o felletseng oa li-symphonies tsa opereishene li kentse letsoho ho hlaheng ha mofuta oa eona o ikhethileng, lenaneo la konsarete symphony (karolo ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ena e bapaloa ke mesebetsi ea H. Berlioz le F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy). Ka sebopeho sa sonata sa U. e joalo, ho na le tšekamelo e hlokomelehang mabapi le symphony e atolositsoeng. ntshetsopele (lithothokiso tsa pele tse sebetsang li ne li atisa ho ngoloa ka mokhoa oa sonata ntle le tlhaloso), e leng hamorao e ileng ea lebisa ho hlaha ha mofuta oa thothokiso ea symphonic mosebetsing oa F. Liszt; hamorao mofuta ona o fumanoa ho B. Smetana, R. Strauss, le ba bang. Lekholong la bo19 la lilemo. U. ea tlhaho e sebelisoang e ntse e tuma - "ka tieo", "amohela", "sehopotso" (e 'ngoe ea mehlala ea pele ke "Letsatsi la Lebitso" la Beethoven, 1815). Mofuta oa U. e ne e le mohloli oa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa oa symphony ka Serussia. 'mino ho MI Glinka (lekholong la 18th, overtures ke DS Bortnyansky, EI Fomin, VA Pashkevich, mathoasong a lekholo la 19th - ka OA Kozlovsky, SI Davydov) . Tlatsetso ea bohlokoa ho nts'etsopele ea decomp. mefuta ea U. e ile ea hlahisoa ke MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, MA Balakirev, le ba bang, ba thehileng mofuta o khethehileng oa sebopeho sa naha U., hangata ba sebelisa lihlooho tsa setso (mohlala, "Spanish" overtures ea Glinka, "Overture on themes of lipina tse tharo tsa Serussia" ke Balakirev le ba bang). Mofuta ona o ntse o tsoela pele ho nts'etsapele mosebetsing oa baqapi ba Soviet.

Mokatong oa bobeli. 2th century Baqapi ba fetohela mofuteng oa W. khafetsa. Ho opera, butle-butle e nkeloa sebaka ke kenyelletso e khuts'oane e sa thehiloeng ho melao-motheo ea sonata. Hangata e ts'ehelitsoe ka sebopeho se le seng, se amanang le setšoantšo sa e mong oa bahale ba opera ("Lohengrin" ka Wagner, "Eugene Onegin" ka Tchaikovsky) kapa, ka morero o hlakileng, o hlahisa litšoantšo tse 'maloa tse ka sehloohong ("Carmen" ka Wiese); liketsahalo tse tšoanang li bonoa ka ballets (Coppelia ka Delibes, Swan Lake ka Tchaikovsky). Kena. Motsamao oa opera le ballet oa nako ena hangata o bitsoa selelekela, selelekela, selelekela, joalo-joalo. Khopolo ea ho itokisetsa pono ea opera e nkela mohopolo oa symphony sebaka. ha a pheta litaba tsa eona, R. Wagner o ile a ngola khafetsa ka sena, butle-butle a tloha mosebetsing oa hae ho tloha ho molao-motheo oa lenaneo le atolositsoeng la U. Leha ho le joalo, hammoho le li-introductions tse khutšoanyane ka otd. mehlala e khanyang ea sonata U. tsoela pele ho hlaha ka muses. theatre 19nd mokatong. Lekholo la bo2 la lilemo ("The Nuremberg Meistersingers" ka Wagner, "Force of Destiny" ka Verdi, "Pskovite" ka Rimsky-Korsakov, "Prince Igor" ka Borodin). E itšetlehile ka melao ea sebopeho sa sonata, W. e fetoha khopolo-taba ea mahala kapa ka tlaase ho lihlooho tsa 'mino oa opera, ka linako tse ling e tšoana le potpourri (ea morao-rao e tloaelehile ho feta ea operetta; mohlala oa khale ke Strauss' Die Fledermaus). Ka linako tse ling ho na le U. ka boikemelo. thepa ea sehlooho (ballet "The Nutcracker" ka Tchaikovsky). Ho conc. sethala sa U. se ntse se tsoela pele ho fana ka symphony. thothokiso, setšoantšo sa symphonic kapa litoro, empa le mona likarolo tse ikhethileng tsa mohopolo ka linako tse ling li tlisa bophelo bo haufi-ufi. mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea mofuta oa W. (Bizet's Motherland, W. fantasies Romeo le Juliet le Hamlet ea Tchaikovsky).

Lekholong la bo20 la lilemo U. ka sebopeho sa sonata ke seoelo (ka mohlala, J. Barber's overture to Sheridan's "School of Scandal"). Conc. mefuta e sa tsoaneng, leha ho le joalo, tsoela pele ho hohela ho sonata. Har'a tsona, tse tloaelehileng haholo ke nat.-characteristic. (ka lihlooho tsa batho) le U. e tiileng (mohlala oa morao-rao ke Shostakovich's Festive Overture, 1954).

References: Seroff A., Der Thcmatismus der Leonoren-Ouvertère. Eine Beethoven-Studie, "NZfM", 1861, Bd 54, No 10-13 (phetolelo ea Serussia - Thematism (Thematismus) ea ho fetela ho opera "Leonora". Thuto ka Beethoven, bukeng: Serov AN, Lingoloa tse Bohlokoa, vol. 3, St. Petersburg, 1895, e tšoanang, bukeng: Serov AN, Selected articles, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950); Igor Glebov (BV Asafiev), Overture "Ruslan le Lyudmila" ka Glinka, bukeng: Musical Chronicle, Sat. 2, P., 1923, e tšoanang, bukeng: Asafiev BV, Izbr. mesebetsi, vol. 1, M., 1952; hae, Ka Sefora classical overture le haholo-holo ka overtures Cherubini, bukeng: Asafiev BV, Glinka, M., 1947, e tšoanang, bukeng: Asafiev BV, Izbr. mesebetsi, vol. 1, M., 1952; Koenigsberg A., Mendelssohn Overtures, M., 1961; Krauklis GV, Opera overtures ka R. Wagner, M., 1964; Tsendrovsky V., Overtures le kenyelletso ea lipapali tsa Rimsky-Korsakov, M., 1974; Wagner R., De l'ouverture, Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris, 1841, Janvier, Ks 3-5 e tšoanang, bukeng: Richard Wagner, Lingoloa le Lisebelisoa, Moscow, 1841).

GV Krauklis