Fokotsa |

lat. fokotseha; Jeremane Diminution, Verkleinerung; Sefora le Senyesemane. phokotso; itale. diminuzione

1) Ho tšoana le ho fokotseha.

2) Mokhoa oa ho fetola mololi, sehlooho, sepheo, morethetho. ho taka kapa sebopeho, mmoho le ho kgefutsa ka ho di bapala ka medumo (ho kgefutsa) ya nako e kgutshwane. Khetholla U. hantle, ntle le liphetoho tse hlahisang osn. morethetho ka tekanyo e nepahetseng (mohlala, kenyelletso e tsoang ho opera "Ruslan le Lyudmila" ea Glinka, nomoro ea 28), e sa nepahalang, e hlahisang sehlooho. morethetho (theme) e nang le morethetho o fapaneng. kapa melodic. liphetoho (mohlala, aria ea Swan-Bird, No. 11 ho tloha ketsong ea 2 ea opera ea Rimsky-Korsakov The Tale of Tsar Saltan, nomoro ea 117), le morethetho, kapa e seng ea sehlooho, e nang le krom melodic. setšoantšo se bolokiloe hoo e ka bang (qalo ea kenyelletso ea opera Sadko ka Rimsky-Korsakov), kapa ha e bolokehe ho hang (moribo oa karolo e ka thōko ho U. tsoelo-pele ea 1st movement of 5th symphony ea Shostakovich).

J. Dunstable. Cantus firmus ho tloha motet Christe sanctorum decus (mantsoe a hanyetsanang a siiloe).

J. Spataro. Motet.

Ho hlaha ha U. (le ho eketseha) e le 'mino o hlalosang maikutlo le ho hlophisa ka botekgeniki ho bolela ho tloha nakong ea tšebeliso ea mensural notation' me e amahanngoa le nts'etsopele ea polyphonic. polyphony. X. Riemann e bontša hore U. ea pele e sebelisitse motet I. de Muris ka tenor. Isorhythmic motet - ka sehloohong. Boemo ba U. lekholong la bo14 la lilemo: pheta-phetoang, e tšoanang le ostinato, e tsamaisang morethetho. lipalo ke motheo oa 'mino. mefuta, 'me U. ha e le hantle ke setsi sa pokello ea nalane. ho tloaeleha ha mokhatlo oa eona (ho fapana le mefuta e meng e mengata e hlalosoang ke sehlooho sa arr. text). Ho li-motets tsa G. de Machaux (Amaro valde, Speravi, Fiat voluntas tua, Ad te suspiramus) morethetho. palo e phetoa ka U. nako le nako ka melodic e ncha. ho tlatsa; ka li-sorhythmic motets J. Dunstable rhythmic. palo e phetoa (habeli, hararo) ka pina e ncha, joale ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e hlahisoa hape ka ho boloka lipina tsa thoriso. ho taka ka e 'ngoe le halofo, ebe 3-fold U. (sheba kholomo 720). Ketsahalo e tšoanang e bonoa matšoeleng a mang a Netherlands. contrapuntalists ea lekholong la bo15 la lilemo, moo cantus firmus likarolong tse latelang e tšoareloa U., le pina e nkiloeng bakeng sa cantus firmus qetellong ea mosebetsi. melumo ka mokhoa oo e neng e le teng bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi (bona mohlala ho Art. Polyphony, litšiea 354-55). Benghali ba mokhoa o thata ba sebelisitse mokhoa oa W. ho seo ho thoeng ke. mensural (proportional) canon, moo mantsoe a tšoanang ka paterone a fapaneng. likarolo tsa nakoana (sheba mohlala ho Art. Canon, kholomo ea 692). Ho fapana le ho eketseha, U. ha e kenye letsoho ho itšehla thajana ka kakaretso ea polyphonic. ho phalla hoa lentsoe leo le sebedisoang ho lona. Leha ho le joalo, U. hantle e hlahisa lentsoe le leng haeba le sisinngoa ke melumo ea nako e telele; ka hona, ka bongata le li-motets tsa 15th-16th century. e se e le tloaelo ho tsamaisana le ponahalo ea cantus firmus ka lentsoe le ka sehloohong (tenor) ka ho etsisa mantsoe a mang a thehiloeng ho U. ea cantus firmus e tšoanang (sheba karolo ea 721).

Mokhoa oa ho hanyetsa moeta-pele le mantsoe a monate haholo a hanyetsanang le eena a ile a bolokoa ha feela mefuta e ka har'a cantus firmus e ntse e le teng. Bonono bona bo fihlile phethehong e phahameng ka ho fetisisa 'mino oa JS Bach; bona, mohlala, org ea hae. tokisetso ea korale "Aus tiefer Not", BWV 686, moo poleloana e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea chorale e tlang pele ke lipheo tsa eona tse 5. exposition in U., e le hore eohle e thehoa ka strophic. fugue (mantsoe a 6, ho pepeseha ha 5; bona mohlala ho Art. Fugue). Ho Ach Gott und Herr, BWV 693, mantsoe ohle a etsisang a habeli le a quadruple W. chorale, ke hore, sebopeho sohle se na le sehlooho:

JS Bach. Tlhophiso ea setho sa 'mino "Ach Gott und Herr".

Reachercar con. Lekholong la 16-17 le haufi le eena tiento, fantasy - sebaka seo U. (e le molao, hammoho le ho eketseha le ho fetoha ha sehlooho) e fumane ts'ebeliso e pharaletseng. W. o kentse letsoho ho nts'etsopele ea maikutlo a hloekileng instr. matla a sebopeho mme, a sebelisoa ho lihlooho tse ikhethileng (ho fapana le thematism ea setaele se thata), e bile mokhoa o kenyelletsang mohopolo oa bohlokoahali oa nts'etsopele ea sepheo sa 'mino oa linako tse latelang.

Ee. P. Sweelinck. "Chromatic Fantasy" (karolo e qotsitsoeng karolong ea ho qetela; sehlooho se fokotsehile ka makhetlo a mabeli le a mane).

E ikhethang ea ho itlhalosa ha U. joalo ka mokhoa ke hore, ho phaella ho isorhythmic. motet le ba bang op. Lekholong la bo20 la lilemo ha ho na mefuta e meng moo e neng e tla ba motheo oa sebopeho. Canon in U. ka boikemelo. play (AK Lyadov, “Canons”, No 22), karabo ho U. in fugue (“The Art of the Fugue” by Bach, Contrapunctus VI; bona hape mefuta e fapaneng ea metsoako le U. in the final fugue from the pianoforte quartet, op 20 Taneyev, haholo-holo lipalo 170, 172, 184) ke mekhelo e sa tloaelehang. U. ka linako tse ling e fumana tšebeliso ho fugue strettas: mohlala, ka mehato ea 26, 28, 30 ea E-dur fugue ho tloha bukeng ea 2 ea Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier; ka tekanyo ea 117 ea fugue Fis-dur op. 87 No 13 Shostakovich; ka bareng 70 ho tloha pheletsong ea konsarete bakeng sa 2 fp. Stravinsky (ho etsisa ka mokhoa o sa nepahaleng ka phetoho ea li-accents); ka tekanyo ea 63 ho tloha setšoantšong sa 1 sa ketso ea 3 ea opera "Wozzeck" ea Berg (sheba mohlala ho sengoloa sa Strett). W., mokhoa oo e leng oa tlhaho oa polyphonic, o fumana ts'ebeliso e fapaneng haholo ho e seng polyphonic. 'mino oa lekholong la bo19 le la bo20 la lilemo. Maemong a mangata, U. ke e 'ngoe ea litsela tsa ho susumetsa mokhatlo sehloohong, mohlala:

SI Taneev. Theme ho tsoa mokhatlong oa 3 oa simphony ea c-moll.

(Sheba le mekoallo ea pele e mehlano ea sephetho sa sonata sa Beethoven No. 23 ka piano; kenyelletso ea 'mino oa liletsa ho Ruslan's aria, No. 8 ho ​​tsoa ho Ruslan le Ludmila ea Glinka; Che. 10, b-moll ho tloha Prokofiev's Fleeting, joalo-joalo). Phetoho ea 'mino oa polyphonization e atile. masela ka thuso ea U. ha a hlahisa sehlooho (khorase "Ba hasaneng, ba hlakotsoe" sebakeng se haufi le Kromy ho tsoa opera ea Mussorgsky Boris Godunov; mofuta ona oa mokhoa o sebelisitsoe ke N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov - ketso ea pele ea opera The Legend of the Invisible City Kitezh ", linomoro tsa 1 le 5, le S. V. Rachmaninov - karolo ea pele ea thothokiso ea "The Bells", nomoro ea 1, phapang ea X ho "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini"), nakong ea ho romelloa ha eona (kanone e nyane e tsoang ho konsato ea violin ea Berg, bar 12; e le e 'ngoe ea lipontšo tsa sehlopha. mokhoa oa neoclassical oa setaele - U. karolong ea 4th ea sonata ea violin ea K. Karaev, bar 13), sehlohlolong. le ho phetha. meaho (khoutu ho tloha ho kenyelletsoa ha opera Ruslan le Lyudmila ke Glinka; karolo ea 2 ea Rachmaninov The Bells, litekanyo tse peli ho fihla ho palo ea 52; karolo ea 4 ea quartet ea 6 ea Taneyev, nomoro ea 191 le ho feta; pheletso ea ballet "The Firebird" Stravinsky. ). U. e le mokhoa oa ho fetola sehlooho se sebelisoa ka mefuta e fapaneng (phapang ea bobeli, ea boraro ho Arietta ho tloha ho sonata ea piano ea bo-2 ea Beethoven; thuto ea piano "Mazeppa" ka Liszt), meahong ea nakoana (basso ostinato ha e fallela ho coda ea symphony's finale c- moll Taneyev, nomoro ea 3), ka mefuta e fapaneng ea liphetoho tsa opera leitmotifs (ho nchafatsa leitmotif ea sealuma ho lihlooho tse latelang tsa mantsoe qalong ea ketso ea pele ea opera ea Wagner Valkyrie; ho arola moelelo oa linonyana le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea Snow Maiden. sehlooho sa Selemo ho "Snow Maiden" ea Rimsky-Korsakov; ho sotha ho makatsang ha leitmotif ea Countess setšoantšong sa bobeli sa opera "The Queen of Spades", ea 32 le ho feta), le liphetoho tsa tšoantšetso tse fumanoeng ka U.' ho kenya letsoho e ka ba mok'hadinale (ho kena ha tenor ho Tuba mirum ho tsoa ho Mozart's Requiem, tekanyo ea 101; leitmotif ho coda ea qetello ea symphony ea 1 ea Rachmaninoff, tekanyo ea 2 ka mor'a palo ea 62; motsamao o bohareng, nomoro ea 18, f symphony ea rom Taneyev ea scherzo ka c-moll). U. ke mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa nts'etsopele likarolong tse tsoelang pele tsa mefuta le tsoelo-pele ea sonata ea makholo a lilemo a bo19 le a bo20. U. ho nts'etsopele ea phetisetso ea Wagner's Nuremberg Mastersingers (bar 122; triple fugato, bar 138) ke sesomo se monate sa thuto e se nang sepheo (leha ho le joalo, motsoako oa sehlooho le U. ka mekoallong 158, 166 ke letšoao la boqhetseke, boqhetseke). Ho nts'etsopele ea karolo ea 1 ea fp ea bobeli. konsarete Rachmaninov U. sehlooho sa mokha o ka sehloohong se sebelisoa e le sesebelisoa sa dynamizing (nomoro ea 9). Ka tlhahiso D. D. Shostakovich U. e sebelisoa e le sesebelisoa se hlabang se hlalosang maikutlo (litšoantšiso sehloohong sa karolo e ka thōko karolong ea 1 ea symphony ea 5, linomoro tsa 22 le 24; sebakeng se le seng qetellong, palo ea 32; canon e sa feleng ea ostinato melumong ea molumo. leitmotif karolong ea 2- th ea quartet ea 8, palo ea 23; karolo ea 1 ea symphony ea borobeli e fosahetse U.

HAEBA Stravinsky. "Symphony of Psalms", 1st movement (qalo ea reprise).

U. e na le Express e ruileng. le ho bontša. menyetla. "Ho lla ho hoholo" ho tsoa ho "Boris Godunov" ea Mussorgsky (ho fetoha ha kutloano ka ho otla, halofo ea ho otla, kotara ea ho otla) ho khetholloa ke matla a khethehileng. Setšoantšo se batlang se bonoa (Sigmund's Notung, se pshatlehileng ka ho otla khahlanong le lerumo la Wotan) se hlaha setšoantšong sa 5 ho tloha ketsong ea 2 ea Valkyrie ea Wagner. Ketsahalo e sa tloaelehang ea molumo o bonahalang oa polyphony ke fugato e bontšang moru o motseng oa 3 oa Rimsky-Korsakov "The Snow Maiden" (mefuta e mene ea morethetho oa sehlooho, nomoro ea 253). Mokhoa o ts'oanang o ile oa sebelisoa sebakeng sa bohlanya Grishka Kuterma setšoantšong sa 2 sa ketso ea 3. "Lipale tsa Motse o sa Bonahaleng oa Kitezh" (motsamao oa borobeli, triplets, leshome le metso e tšeletseng, palo ea 225). Khoutung ea letšoao thothokiso ea Rachmaninoff "Isle of the Dead" e kopanya mefuta e mehlano ea Dies irae (bar 11 kamora nomoro ea 22).

'Minong oa lekholong la bo20 la lilemo mohopolo oa W. hangata o fetela mohopolong oa tsoelo-pele e ntseng e fokotseha; Sena se sebetsa haholo-holo ho morethetho. mokgatlo wa sehlooho. Molao-motheo oa U. kapa tsoelopele mesebetsing e meng ea serial e ka fetisetsoa ho sebopeho sa sehlahisoa kaofela. kapa mekhoa. likarolo tsa eona (1st ea 6 likotoana bakeng sa harepa le likhoele, quartet op. 16 ke Ledenev). Motsoako oa nako e telele oa sehlooho le puo ea oona mesebetsing ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo. e fetoloa mokhoa oa ho kopanya lipalo tse tšoanang, ha kutloano ho entsoe ka molumo oa molumo o tšoanang oa morethetho ka linako tse fapaneng. tlhahiso (mohlala, "Petrushka" ke Stravinsky, nomoro ea 3).

Mokhoa ona o sebelisoa ka mokhoa o sa fellang oa aleatoric, moo libapali li ntlafatsang ka melumo e fanoeng, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ka lebelo la eona (e meng ea mesebetsi ea V. Lutoslavsky). O. Messiaen o ile a ithuta mefuta ea U. le ho eketsa (bona buka ea hae "The Technique of My Musical Language"; bona mohlala ho Art. Keketso).

References: bona ho Art. Nyollelo.

VP Frayonov