Tonakholo |

French tonalite, Sejeremane. Tonalitat, hape le Tonart

1) Boemo ba bophahamo ba mokhoa (bo khethiloeng ke IV Sposobina, 1951, ho latela mohopolo oa BL Yavorsky; mohlala, ho C-dur "C" ke tlhaloso ea bophahamo ba molumo o ka sehloohong oa mokhoa, le “dur” – “major” – sebopeho sa mokgwa).

2) Ho latela maemo a phahameng. sistimi e bohareng ea likhokahano tsa bolelele bo fapaneng tse sebetsang; T. ka kutloisiso ena ke bonngoe ba mokhoa le T. ea sebele, ke hore, tonality (ho nahanoa hore T. e sebakeng sa bophahamo bo itseng, leha ho le joalo, maemong a mang lentsoe lena le utloisisoa esita le ntle le sebaka se joalo; ho lumellana ka ho feletseng le khopolo ea mokhoa, haholo-holo linaheng tse ling lit-re). T. ka kutloisiso ena e boetse e hlaha ho monody ea boholo-holo (bona: Lbs J., "Tonalnosc melodii gregorianskich", 1965) le 'mino oa lekholong la bo20 la lilemo. (Bona, mohlala: Rufer J., "Die Zwölftonreihe: Träger einer neuen Tonalität", 1951).

3) Ka mokhoa o fokolang, o ikhethileng. moelelo oa T. ke mokhoa oa ho sebetsa ka mokhoa o fapaneng oa ho hokahanya ha molumo oa lentsoe, o arotsoe ka lihlopha ho latela li-consonant triad. T. ka kutloisiso ena e tšoana le "harmonic tonality" tšobotsi ea classical-romantic. tsamaiso ea tumellano ea lekholo la bo17-19 la lilemo; tabeng ena, ho ba teng ha ba bangata ba T. le ho hlalosoa. litsamaiso tsa kamano ea tsona le tse ling (litsamaiso tsa T.; bona Circle of Fifths, Relationship of Keys).

E bitsoa "T". (ka mokhoa o moqotetsane, o khethehileng) mekhoa - e kholo le e nyenyane - e ka nkoa e eme ka mokhoa o tšoanang le mekhoa e meng (Ionian, Aeolian, Phrygian, letsatsi le letsatsi, pentatonic, joalo-joalo); ha e le hantle, phapang e teng pakeng tsa tsona e kholo hoo e nang le mabaka a utloahalang a mantsoe. khanyetso e kgolo le e nyane joalo ka harmonic. molumo oa monophonic. tsieleha. Ho fapana le monodic. li-frets, tse kholo le tse nyane T .. li hlaha ho ext. matla le ts'ebetso, matla a motsamao o nang le morero, bohare bo fetotsoeng ka ho fetesisa le bongata ba likamano tse sebetsang. Tumellanong le thepa ena, molumo (ho fapana le mekhoa ea monodic) e khetholloa ka mokhoa o hlakileng le o sa khaotseng oa ho khahloa ke bohareng ba mokhoa ("ketso e hole", SI Taneev; tonic e laola moo e sa utloahaleng); liphetoho tse tloaelehileng (metric) tsa litsi tsa libaka (mehato, mesebetsi), eseng feela ho hlakola matla a khoheli a bohareng, empa ho e hlokomela le ho e matlafatsa ho ea holimo; dialectical karo-karolelano pakeng tsa abutment le tse sa tsitsang (haholo-holo, ho etsa mohlala, ka har'a moralo oa tsamaiso e le 'ngoe, ka matla a khoheli kakaretso ea VII tekanyo ka I, molumo oa I degree ka 'na khahloa ho VII). Ka lebaka la ho hoheloa ho matla ho setsi sa tsamaiso ea harmonic. T., joalokaha eka, o ile a nka mekhoa e meng e le mehato, "mekhoa ea ka hare" (BV Asafiev, "Musical Form as a Process", 1963, leq. 346; mehato - Dorian, mokhoa oa pele oa Phrygian o nang le tonic e kholo joaloka Phrygian reteleha e ile ea e-ba karolo ea harmonic e nyenyane, joalo-joalo). Ka hona, tse kholo le tse nyane li ile tsa akaretsa mekhoa e neng e ba etelletse pele historing, ka nako e ts'oanang e le mohlala oa melao-motheo e mecha ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng. Matla a tsamaiso ea tonal a amana ka tsela e sa tobang le tlhaho ea monahano oa Europe Mehleng ea Kajeno (haholo-holo, le mehopolo ea Leseli). "Modality e emela, ha e le hantle, e tsitsitseng, le tonality pono e matla ea lefats'e" (E. Lovinsky).

Tsamaisong ea T., T. e arohaneng e fumana e tobileng. sebetsa ka har'a harmonic e matla. le setsebi sa mebala. likamano; Mosebetsi ona o amahanngoa le mehopolo e atileng mabapi le sebopeho le 'mala oa molumo. Ka hona, C-dur, lentsoe "bohareng" tsamaisong, e bonahala e le "bonolo", "e tšoeu". Libini, ho kopanyelletsa le baqapi ba ka sehloohong, hangata ba na le seo ho thoeng ke sona. kutlo ea mebala (bakeng sa NA Rimsky-Korsakov, 'mala oa T. E-dur o motala o khanyang, oa boruti,' mala oa li-birches tsa selemo, Es-dur o lefifi, o lefifi, o moputsoa, ​​​​molumo oa "metse" le "liqhobosheane" L Beethoven o bitsitse h-moll "black tonality"), kahoo sena kapa hore T. ka linako tse ling e amahanngoa le tlhaloso. tla hlalosa. mofuta oa 'mino (mohlala, WA ​​Mozart's D-dur, Beethoven's c-moll, As-dur), le phetoho ea sehlahisoa. - ka phetoho ea setaele (mohlala, motet oa Mozart Ave verum corpus, K.-V. 618, D-dur, e fetiselitsoeng ka tlhophiso ea F. Liszt ho ea ho H-dur, kahoo e ile ea "romanticization").

Ka mor'a nako ea puso ea sehlopha se seholo sa T. khopolo ea "T." e boetse e amahanngoa le mohopolo oa "branched" ea 'mino oa kelello. sebopeho, ke hore, mabapi le mofuta oa "molao-motheo oa taolo" tsamaisong efe kapa efe ea likamano tsa molumo. Mehaho e rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa ea tonal e ile ea fetoha (ho tloha lekholong la bo17 la lilemo) mokhoa oa bohlokoa, o batlang o ikemela oa 'mino. ho hlahisa maikutlo, le tšoantšiso ea molumo ka linako tse ling e phehisana le mongolo, sethala, sehlooho. Joalo ka int. Bophelo ba T. bo bontšoa ka liphetoho tsa li-chords (mehato, mesebetsi - mofuta oa "micro-lads"), sebopeho sa tonal se kenyelletsoeng, se nang le boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba kutloano, se phela ka mekhoa e nang le morero ea ho feto-fetoha ha molumo, T e fetoha. Ka hona, sebopeho sa tonal kaofela se fetoha e 'ngoe ea lintlha tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa mehopolong ea' mino oa nts'etsopele. PI Tchaikovsky o ile a ngola a re: “E se eka mokhoa oa ’mino o senyeha hamolemo ho feta mohopolo oa motheo oa ’mino, o itšetlehileng ka ho toba ka ho feto-fetoha ha molumo oa lentsoe le kutloano.” Ka sebopeho se ntlafalitsoeng sa tonal otd. T. ka phetha karolo e tšoanang le lihlooho tse (mohlala, e-moll ea sehlooho se reng ea bobeli ea qetello ea Prokofiev oa 7th sonata bakeng sa piano e le ponahatso ea E-dur ea 2nd motsamao oa sonata bopa quasi- thematic intonation "arch" -reminiscence on a scale whole cycle).

Karolo ea T. kahong ea limusiamo e kholo ka tsela e ikhethang. liforomo, haholo-holo tse kholo (sonata, rondo, cyclic, opera e kholo): "Ho lula ka mokhoa o ts'oarellang senotlolo se le seng, khahlano le phetoho e potlakileng ea ho feto-fetoha ha molumo, ho kopana ha litekanyo tse fapaneng, phetoho ea butle-butle kapa ea tšohanyetso ho senotlolo se secha, se lokiselitsoeng ho khutlela ho e ka sehloohong”, - tsena tsohle li bolela "ho buisana ka liphallelo le ho phatloha likarolong tse kholo tsa moqapi le ho nolofalletsa momameli ho lemoha sebōpeho sa eona" (SI Taneev; bona Musical Form).

Monyetla oa ho pheta-pheta merero ka kutloano e meng e lebisitse ho theho e ncha, e matla ea lihlooho; monyetla oa ho pheta-pheta lihlooho. formations in other T. entse hore ho khonehe ho haha ​​organically ntshetsa pele muses khōlō. mefuta. Lintho tse ts'oanang tsa sepheo li ka nka moelelo o fapaneng, esita le o fapaneng, ho latela phapang ea sebopeho sa tonal (mohlala, karohano ea nako e telele tlasa maemo a liphetoho tsa tonal e fana ka phello ea nts'etsopele e mpefalitsoeng, mme tlasa maemo a tonic ea tonal. tonality e ka sehloohong, ho fapana le hoo, phello ea "coagulation", nts'etsopele ea ho khaotsa). Ka mokhoa oa ts'ebetso, phetoho ea T. hangata e tšoana le phetoho ea boemo ba morero. Morero o le mong feela oa tonal o ka fetoha lera la muses. mefuta, mohlala. phetoho ea T. ka 1st d. "Lenyalo la Figaro" ka Mozart.

Ponahalo ea khale e hloekileng le e holileng ea molumo (ke hore, "molumo o lumellanang") ke tšobotsi ea 'mino oa liqapi tsa khale tsa Viennese le baqapi ba haufi le bona ho latela tatellano ea liketsahalo (haholo-holo, nako ea bohareng ba 17th le bohareng ba 19th. lilemo tse makholo). Leha ho le joalo, harmonic T. e etsahala pejana haholo, hape e atile 'mino oa lekholong la bo20 la lilemo. Meeli e nepahetseng ea tatellano ea liketsahalo tsa T. e le e khethehileng, e tobileng. ho thata ho theha mefuta ea fret, kaha decomp. e ka nkoa e le motheo. metsoako ea likarolo tsa eona: A. Mashabe matsatsi a ho hlaha ha harmonics. T. Lekholo la bo14 la lilemo, G. Besseler - lekholong la bo15 la lilemo, E. Lovinsky - lekholong la bo16 la lilemo, M. Bukofzer - lekholong la bo17 la lilemo. (Sheba Dahhaus S., Untersuchungen über die Entstehung der harmonischen Tonalität, 1); HAEBA Stravinsky e bua ka puso ea T. ho nako ho tloha bohareng. 1968 ho ea ho Ser. Lekholong la bo17 la lilemo Complex Ch. matšoao a khale (harmonic) T.: a) setsi sa T. ke consonant triad (ho feta moo, e ka nahanoang e le bonngoe, eseng e le motsoako oa linako); b) mokhoa - o moholo kapa o monyenyane, o emeloang ke tsamaiso ea lipina le mololi o tsamaeang "haufi le seile" ea likhetho tsena; c) sebopeho sa fret se thehiloeng mesebetsing ea 19 (T, D le S); “characteristic dissonances” ( S e nang le ea botšelela, D e nang le ea bosupa; lentsoe X. Riemann); T ke consonance; d) phetoho ea li-harmonies ka hare ho T., maikutlo a tobileng a tšekamelo ea tonic; e) Sisteme ea li-cadences le likamano tsa karolo ea bone ea li-chords tse kantle ho li-cadences (joalo ka ha eka li fetisitsoe ho tsoa ho li-cadences 'me li atolosetsoa ho likhokahano tsohle; ke ka hona lentsoe "cadence t."), le maemo. ho hlophisa li-harmonies (li-chords le linotlolo); f) polelo e matla ea metrical extrapolation ("tonal rhythm"), hammoho le sebopeho - moaho o thehiloeng holim'a lisekoere le litšepe tse itšetlehileng ka "rhyming" cadences; g) mefuta e meholo e thehiloeng ho modulation (ke hore, ho fetola T.).

Puso ea tsamaiso e joalo e oela lekholong la bo17-19 la lilemo, ha ho rarahana ha Ch. Lipontšo tsa T. li hlahisoa, e le molao, ka ho feletseng. Motsoako o sa fellang oa matšoao, o fanang ka maikutlo a T. (ho fapana le mokhoa o tloaelehileng), o hlokomeloa esita le ka otd. lingoliloeng tsa Tsosoloso (lekholong la bo14-16 la lilemo).

Ho G. de Macho (eo hape a qapileng mesebetsi ea 'mino oa monophonic), ho e' ngoe ea le (No 12; "Le ka lefu"), karolo ea "Dolans cuer las" e ngotsoe ka mokhoa o moholo o nang le matla a tonic. li-triads ho pholletsa le sebopeho sa molumo:

G. de Macho. Lay No 12, mekoallo 37-44.

"Monodic major" ka qotsulo ea mosebetsi. Masho o ntse a le hole le classic. mofuta oa T., ho sa tsotellehe ho kopana ha matšoao a mangata (a ka holimo, b, d. e, f a hlahisoa). Ch. phapang ke polokelo ea monophonic e sa boleleng ho tsamaisana le li-homophonic. E ’ngoe ea lipontšo tsa pele tsa morethetho o sebetsang ka polyphony ke pina (rondo) ea G. Dufay “Helas, ma dame” (“eo ho bonahalang eka ho lumellana ha eona ho tsoa lefatšeng le lecha,” ho ea ka Besseler):

G. Dufay. Rondo "Helas, ma dame par amours".

maikutlo a kutloano. T. e hlaha ka lebaka la liphetoho tse sebetsang tsa metrized le predominance ea harmonics. metsoako ka karolelano ea quarto-quint, T - D le D - T ka har'a harmonic. sebopeho sa kakaretso. Ka nako e ts'oanang, setsi sa tsamaiso ha se triad e ngata (le hoja e etsahala ka linako tse ling, mekoallo ea 29, 30), empa ke karolo ea bohlano (ho lumella likarolo tse peli tse kholo le tse nyenyane ntle le phello ea boomo ea mokhoa o tsoakiloeng o moholo-o monyenyane) ; mokhoa o na le melodic ho feta chordal (chord ha se motheo oa tsamaiso), morethetho (o se nang metric extrapolation) hase tonal, empa modal (mehato e mehlano ntle le ho sekamela ho squareness); matla a khoheli a bonahala ka mathōko a mehaho, 'me eseng ka ho feletseng (karolo ea lentsoe ha e qale ho hang ka tonic); ha ho na tonal-functional gradation, hammoho le khokahanyo ea consonance le dissonance le moelelo oa tonal oa kutloano; kabong ea li-cadences, leeme ho ea ka sehloohong le leholo ka mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang. Ka kakaretso, esita le matšoao ana a hlakileng a molumo e le mokhoa oa modal oa mofuta o khethehileng o ntse o sa re lumelle ho bolela hore mehaho e joalo ke molumo o nepahetseng; ena ke mokhoa o tloaelehileng (ho tloha ponong ea T. ka kutloisiso e pharaletseng - "modal tonality") ea lekholo la bo15-16 la lilemo, ka har'a moralo oo likarolo tse arohaneng li butsoang. likarolo tsa T. (bona Dahinaus C, 1968, leqepheng la 74-77). Ho putlama ha kereke ho tšoenya 'mino o mong. tlhahiso. con. 16 - kopa. Lekholo la bo17 la lilemo le thehile mofuta o khethehileng oa "T" ea mahala. - ha e sa le modal, empa e se e le ea khale (motets ea N. Vicentino, madrigals ea Luca Marenzio le C. Gesualdo, Enharmonic Sonata ea G. Valentini; bona mohlala ho karolo ea 567, ka tlase).

Ho ba sieo ha sekala se tsitsitseng sa modal le melodic e tsamaellanang. melao-motheo ha e lumelle ho amahanngoa ha mehaho e joalo le kereke. tsieleha.

C. Gesualdo. Madrigal "Merce!".

Boteng ba ho ema ho itseng ka cadences, setsi. chord - consonant triad, phetoho ea "harmonies-steps" e fana ka lebaka la ho nka sena e le mofuta o khethehileng oa T. - chromatic-modal T.

Ho theoa butle-butle ha morethetho o monyenyane oa morethetho o monyenyane ho qalile lekholong la bo17 la lilemo, haholo-holo tantšing, letsatsi le letsatsi, le 'mino oa lefatše.

Leha ho le joalo, likereke tsa khale tsa frets li fumaneha hohle 'mino oa 1st floor. Ka mohlala, lekholong la bo17 la lilemo. J. Frescobaldi (Ricercare sopra Mi, Re, Fa, Mi - Terzo tuono, Canzona - Sesto tuono. Ausgewählte Orgelwerke, Bd II, No 7, 15), S. Scheidt (Kyrie dominicale IV. Toni cum Gloria, Magnificats, bona Tabuiatura nova, III. pars). Esita le JS Bach, eo 'mino oa hae o laoloang ke harmonica e tsoetseng pele. T., ka mohlala, liketsahalo tse joalo ha lia tloaeleha. chorales

J. Downland. Madrigal “Tsoha, Lerato!” (1597).

Aus tiefer Not schrei' ich zu dir and Erbarm' dich mein, O Herre Gott (ka mor'a Schmieder Nos. 38.6 le 305; mokhoa oa Phrygian), Mit Fried' und Freud'ich fahr' dahin (382, Dorian), Komm, Gott Schöpfer , heiliger Geist (370; Mixolydian).

Sebaka sa ho qetela sa ntlafatso ea timbre e sebetsang ka thata ea mofuta o monyane o oela mehleng ea li-classics tsa Viennese. Tse ka sehloohong tsa kamehla tsa kutloano tsa nako ena li nkoa e le thepa e ka sehloohong ea kutloano ka kakaretso; li theha haholo-holo litaba tsa libuka tsohle tse lumellanang (sheba Harmony, Harmonic function).

T.'s nts'etsopele mokatong oa bobeli. Lekholo la bo2 la lilemo le na le ho atolosa meeli ea T. (motsoako o moholo-o monyenyane, o tsoelang pele oa chromatic.), ho matlafatsa likamano tsa tonal-functional, polarizing diatonic. le chromatic. kutloano, ho hodisa mmala. moelelo oa t., ho tsosolosoa ha tumellano ea modal motheong o mocha (haholo-holo mabapi le tšusumetso ea setso mosebetsing oa baqapi, haholo-holo likolong tse ncha tsa naha, mohlala, Serussia), tšebeliso ea mekhoa ea tlhaho, hape. e le tse "iketselitsoeng" tse tšoanang (sheba Sposobin I V., "Lithuto tse mabapi le ho lumellana", 19). Lintho tsena le tse ling tse ncha li bontša tsoelo-pele e potlakileng ea t. Phello e kopaneng ea thepa e ncha ea t. mofuta (ho F. Liszt, R. Wagner, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov) ho ea ka pono ea T. e tiileng e ka 'na ea bonahala eka ke ho hana. Puisano e ile ea hlahisoa, ka mohlala, ke kenyelletso ea Tristan und Isolde ea Wagner, moo tonic ea pele e koahetsoeng ke tieho e telele, ka lebaka leo maikutlo a fosahetseng a ileng a hlaha mabapi le ho ba sieo ha tonic ka ho feletseng papaling ("ho qoba ka ho feletseng). ea tonic”; bona Kurt E., “Romantic Harmony and its crisis in Wagner’s “Tristan”, M., 1969, leq. 1975; lena hape ke lebaka la ho hlalosa ha hae ka tsela e fosahetseng sebōpeho sa tumellano ea karolo ea pele e le e utloisisoang ka ho pharaletseng. "Dominant upbeat", leq. 305, mme eseng joalo ka tlhaloso e tloaelehileng. , le tlhaloso e fosahetseng ea meeli ea karolo ea pele - mekoallo 299-1 sebakeng sa 15-1). Symptomatic ke lebitso la e 'ngoe ea litšoantšiso tsa nako ea morao ea Liszt - Bagatelle Without Tonality (17).

Ho hlaha ha thepa e ncha ea T., ho e suthisetsa hole le ea khale. mofuta, ho isa qalong. Lekholong la bo20 la lilemo le ile la lebisa liphetohong tse tebileng tsamaisong, tse ileng tsa nkoa ke ba bangata e le ho senyeha, ho senyeha ha t., "atonality". Ho qaleha ha tsamaiso e ncha ea tonal ho boletsoe ke SI Taneyev (ho "Mobile Counterpoint of Strict Writing", e phethiloeng ka 1906).

Ha a bolela ka T. tsamaiso e tiileng ea tšebetso e khōlō e nyenyane, Taneyev o ile a ngola: “Kaha e nkile sebaka sa mekhoa ea kereke, tsamaiso ea rōna ea molumo oa lentsoe hona joale, e ntse e senyeha ho ba tsamaiso e ncha e batlang ho senya molumo oa lentsoe le ho nkela motheo oa diatonic oa kutloano sebaka. ka chromatic, 'me ho senyeha ha molumo oa molumo ho lebisa ho senyeha ha mofuta oa' mino" (ibid., Moscow, 1959, p. 9).

Ka mor'a moo, "tsamaiso e ncha" (empa ho Taneyev) e ne e bitsoa "theknoloji e ncha". Ho tšoana ha eona ha motheo le T. ea khale ho kopanyelletsa ’nete ea hore “T” e ncha. hape ke hierarchical. sistimi ea likhokahano tse fapaneng tsa boemo bo holimo, tse nang le kelello. khokahanyo sebopehong sa sekontiri. Ho fapana le tonality ea khale, e ncha e ke ke ea itšetleha feela ka li-consonant tonic, empa hape le ka sehlopha leha e le sefe se khethiloeng sa melumo, eseng feela ka diatonic. motheo, empa ka ho pharaletseng sebelisa li-harmonies holim'a leha e le efe ea melumo e 12 e le e ikemetseng (ho kopanya mekhoa eohle ho fana ka poly-mode kapa "fretless" - "e ncha, e sa tloaelehang T."; sheba Nü11 E. von, "B . Bartok, Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie der neuen Musik”, 1930); moelelo oa semantic oa melumo le lilumisoa o ka emela mofuta oa khale ka tsela e ncha. formula TSDT, empa e ka senolwa ka tsela e nngwe. Libōpuoa. Phapang e boetse e teng tabeng ea hore T. ea khale ea khale e na le sebopeho sa sebopeho, empa T. e ncha ke motho ka mong 'me ka hona ha e na motsoako o le mong oa likarolo tsa molumo, ke hore, ha e na ts'ebetso e ts'oanang. Ka hona, moqoqong o mong kapa o mong, ho sebelisoa mefuta e fapaneng ea matšoao a T.

Ka tlhahiso AN Scriabin ea nako ea morao ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso T. e boloka mesebetsi ea eona ea meralo, empa ea setso. li-harmonies li nkeloa sebaka ke tse ncha tse hlahisang mokhoa o khethehileng ("Scriabin mode"). Kahoo, ho etsa mohlala, setsing sa "Prometheus". chord - "Prometheus" e tummeng ea melumo e tšeletseng e nang le osn. molumo Fis (mohlala A, ka tlase), setsi. sphere ("T e kholo.") - 4 lithane tse joalo tse tšeletseng letotong le fokolang (mokhoa o fokotsehileng; mohlala B); modulation scheme (karolong e kopanyang - mohlala C), moralo oa tonal oa tlhaloso - mohlala D (morero oa harmonic oa "Prometheus" o ne o ikhetha, le hoja o ne o sa nepahala ka ho feletseng, o hlophisitsoeng ke moqapi karolong ea Luce):

Melao-motheo ea theater e ncha e itšetlehile ka kaho ea opera ea Berg Wozzeck (1921), eo hangata e nkoang e le mohlala oa "Novensky atonal style", leha mongoli a hanyetsa ka matla lentsoe la "satane" "atonal". Tonic ha e na feela otd. linomoro tsa opera (mohlala, setšoantšo sa 2 sa 1st d. - "eis"; ho tloha sebakeng sa 3 sa 1st d. - "C", trio ea hae - "As"; o tantša sebakeng sa 4 - letsatsi la 2 - " g", sebaka sa polao ea Maria, ketsahalo ea 2 ea letsatsi la 2 - ka molumo oa bohareng "H", joalo-joalo) le opera eohle ka kakaretso (chord le molumo o moholo "g"), empa ho feta ho feta moo - tlhahisong eohle. molao-motheo oa "leit highs" o ne o etsoa ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng (ho latela moelelo oa leit tonalities). Ee, ch. mohale o na le leittonics "Cis" (1st d., bar 5 - polelo ea pele ea lebitso "Wozzeck"; libaka tse ling 87-89, mantsoe a lesole la Wozzeck "Ho joalo, Monghali Captain"; mekoallo 136- 153 - Arioso ea Wozzeck "Rona batho ba futsanehileng!", Libareng tsa 3d 220-319 - "cis-moll triad" e "khanya ka" karolong e ka sehloohong ea setšoantšo sa 4). Mehopolo e meng ea motheo ea 'mino oa opera e ke ke ea utloisisoa ntle le ho ela hloko terama ea molumo; Kahoo, tlokotsi ea pina ea bana sebakeng sa ho qetela sa opera (ka mor'a lefu la Wozzeck, 3rd d., mekoallo 372-75) e itšetlehile ka 'nete ea hore pina ena e utloahala ka lentsoe eis (moll), leitton ea Wozzeck; sena se senola maikutlo a moqapi a hore bana ba sa tsotelleng ke "li-wozzets" tse nyane. (Cf. König W., Tona-litätsstrukturen in Alban Bergs Oper “Wozzeck”, 1974.)

Thekniki ea dodecaphonic-serial, e hlahisang momahano oa sebopeho ntle le molumo, e ka sebelisa phello ea molumo ka tsela e tšoanang le ho etsa ntle le eona. Ho fapana le maikutlo a fosahetseng a tloaelehileng, dodecaphony e kopantsoe habonolo le molao-motheo oa (e ncha) T., le boteng ba setsi. molumo ke thepa e tloaelehileng bakeng sa eona. Mohopolo ona oa letoto la lithane tse 12 qalong o ile oa hlaha e le mokhoa o khonang ho lefella phello e hahang e lahlehileng ea tonic le t. concerto, sonata cycle). Haeba tlhahiso ea serial e entsoe ka mohlala oa tonal, joale mosebetsi oa motheo, tonic, tonal sphere o ka etsoa ka letoto le itseng. bophahamo ba modumo, kapa melumo e kgethehileng ya ditshupiso, dikgao, dikhoutu. "Mola ka mokhoa oa oona oa pele hona joale o phetha karolo e tšoanang le "senotlolo sa motheo" se sebelisetsoang ho bapala; “tsosoloso” ka tlhaho e khutlela ho eena. Re bua ka lentsoe le le leng! Papiso ena le melao-motheo ea meralo ea pejana e bolokoa ka hloko (…)” (Webern A., Lectures on Music, 1975, p. 79). Ka mohlala, tšoantšiso ea AA Babadzhanyan “Choral” (ho tloha “Litšoantšo Tse Tšeletseng” bakeng sa piano) e ngotsoe ka “T” e le ’ngoe. e nang le setsi sa d (le mebala e nyane). The fugue of RK Shchedrin on the 12-tone theme e na le T. a-moll e hlalositsoeng ka ho hlaka. Ka linako tse ling likamano tsa bophahamo ho thata ho li khetholla.

A. Webern. Concert op. 24.

Kahoo, ho sebelisa kamano ea letoto la li-concerto op. 24 (bakeng sa letoto, bona Art. Dodecaphony), Webern o amohela sehlopha sa lithane tse tharo bakeng sa ntho e itseng. bophahamo, ho khutlela Crimea ho nkoa e le ho khutlela ho "senotlolo se seholo". Mohlala o ka tlase o bontša melumo e meraro ea sehlooho. spheres (A), qalo ea motsamao oa pele (B) le pheletso ea pheletso ea konsarete ea Webern (C).

Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa 'mino oa melumo e 12, molao-motheo o joalo oa "molumo o le mong" ha o hlokehe (joaloka 'mino oa classical tonal). Leha ho le joalo, likarolo tse ling tsa T., leha e le ka sebopeho se secha, li sebelisoa hangata. Kahoo, cello sonata ea EV Denisov (1971) e na le setsi, molumo "d", "concerto" ea 2nd violin ea AG Schnittke e na le tonic "g". Mminong wa 70s. Lekholong la bo20 la lilemo ho na le litšekamelo tsa ho matlafatsa molao-motheo oa T.

Histori ea lithuto ka T. e thehiloe khopolong ea kereke. mekhoa (sheba mekhoa ea Medieval). Ka har'a moralo oa eona, mehopolo e ile ea ntlafatsoa mabapi le qetello e le mofuta oa "tonic" ea mokhoa. "Mokhoa" (mokhoa) ka boeona, ho ea ka pono e pharaletseng, e ka nkoa e le e 'ngoe ea mefuta (mefuta) ea T. Tloaelo ea ho hlahisa molumo (musica ficta, musica falsa) e entse maemo a ho hlaha ha molumo. phello ea melodic. le khoheli ea chordal ho tonic. Khopolo ea likarolo tsa histori e lokiselitse khopolo ea "cadences of tone". Glarean bukeng ea hae ea Dodecachord (1547) ka mokhoa o hlakileng o ile a tiisa mekhoa ea Ionian le Aeolian e neng e le teng khale pele, litekanyo tsa tsona li tsamaellana le tse kholo le tse nyane tsa tlhaho. J. Tsarlino ("The Doctrine of Harmony", 1558) e thehiloeng Mehleng e Bohareng. thuto ya ditekanyetso e ne e tlhalosa ditumammogo tse tharo e le diyuniti mme ya bopa kgopolo ya tse dikgolo le tse dinnye; o ile a boela a hlokomela sebopeho se seholo kapa se fokolang sa mefuta eohle. Ka 1615, Dutchman S. de Co (de Caus) o ile a reha kereke ea repercussion. melumo ho ea ka sehloohong (ka mekhoa ea 'nete - tekanyo ea bohlano, ka plagal - IV). I. Rosenmuller o ngotse hoo e ka bang. 1650 mabapi le ho ba teng ha mekhoa e meraro feela - e kholo, e nyane le ea Phrygian. Lilemong tsa bo-70. Lekholong la bo17 la lilemo NP Diletsky e arola "'mino" ho "tšehisa" (ke hore, e kholo), "ea soabisang" (e nyenyane) le "motsoako". Ka 1694, Charles Masson o ile a fumana mekhoa e 'meli feela (Mode majeur le Mode mineur); ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona mehato ea 3 ke "ea bohlokoa" (Finale, Mediante, Dominante). Ho "Musical Dictionary" ea S. de Brossard (1703), frets e hlaha ho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea li-semitone tse 12 tsa chromatic. gamma. Thuto ea motheo ea t. (ntle le lentsoe lena) e entsoe ke JF Rameau (“Traité de l'harmonie …”, 1722, “Nouveau systéme de musique théorique”, 1726). The fret e hahiloe motheong oa chord (eseng sekala). Rameau e hlalosa mokhoa ona e le tatellano ea tatellano e khethiloeng ke karolo e meraro, ke hore, karo-karolelano ea likhetho tse tharo tse kholo - T, D le S. Tokafatso ea kamano ea li-cadence chords, hammoho le phapang ea li-consonant tonic le dissonant D. le S, ba hlalositse taolo ea tonic holim'a likhetho tsohle tsa mokhoa.

Lentsoe "T". e hlahile ka lekhetlo la pele ho FAJ Castile-Blaz (1821). T. - "thepa ea mokhoa oa 'mino, e hlalositsoeng (e teng) ha ho sebelisoa mehato ea eona ea bohlokoa" (ke hore, I, IV le V); FJ Fetis (1844) o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea khopolo ea mefuta e 4 ea T.: bonngoe (ordre unito-nique) - haeba sehlahisoa. e ngotsoe ka senotlolo se le seng, ntle le ho feto-fetoha ha lintho tse ling (tse lumellanang le 'mino oa lekholong la bo16 la lilemo); transitonality - li-modulations li sebelisoa ka lithane tse haufi (ho bonahala, 'mino oa baroque); pluritonality - li-modulations li sebelisoa ka lithane tse hole, li-anharmonisms (mehla ea li-classics tsa Viennese); omnitonality ("all-tonality") - motsoako oa likarolo tsa linotlolo tse fapaneng, ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ka lateloa ke e 'ngoe le e' ngoe (mehla ea maikutlo a lerato). Leha ho le joalo, ho ke ke ha boleloa hore mofuta oa Fetis o thehiloe hantle. X. Riemann (1893) o thehile khopolo e sebetsang ka thata ea timbre. Joalo ka Rameau, o tsoile sehlopheng sa chord joalo ka setsi sa sistimi mme a batla ho hlalosa molumo oa molumo ka kamano ea melumo le likhokahano. Ho fapana le Rameau, Riemann ha a ka a theha feela T. 3 ch. chord, empa e fokotsoe ho bona ("li-harmonies tsa bohlokoa feela") tse ling kaofela (ke hore, ho T. Riemann e na le metheo ea 3 feela e lumellanang le mesebetsi e 3 - T, D le S; ka hona, ke tsamaiso ea Riemann feela e sebetsang ka thata) . G. Schenker (1906, 1935) o tiisitse molumo e le molao oa tlhaho o laetsoeng ke litšobotsi tsa histori tse sa fetoheng tsa thepa ea molumo. T. e thehiloe holim'a li-consonant triad, diatonic le consonant counterpoint (joaloka contrapunctus simplex). 'Mino oa morao-rao, ho ea ka Schenker, ke ho senyeha le ho fokotseha ha matla a tlhaho a hlahisang molumo oa molumo. Schoenberg (1911) o ile a ithuta ka ho qaqileng lisebelisoa tsa mehleng ea kajeno. harmonic ho eena. tsamaiso 'me a fihlela qeto ea hore ea kajeno. mmino wa tonal o “mamellwaneng ya T.” (e thehiloeng kutloisisong ea khale ea T.). O bitsitse (ntle le tlhaloso e nepahetseng) “maemo” a macha a molumo (hoo e ka bang ka 1900–1910; ka M. Reger, G. Mahler, Schoenberg) ka mantsoe “molumo o phaphametseng” (schwebende; tonic e hlaha ka seoelo, e qojoa molumo o lekaneng o hlakileng). ; mohlala, pina ea Schoenberg "The Temptation" op. 6, No 7) le "ho tlosoa" T. (aufgehobene; li-triad tse peli tsa tonic le consonant li qojoa, "li-wandering chords" li sebelisoa - lihlopha tse bohlale tsa bosupa, li-triad tse eketsehileng, tse ling tsa tonal multiple chords).

Moithuti oa Riemann G. Erpf (1927) o ile a leka ho hlalosa liketsahalo tsa 'mino lilemong tsa bo-10 le 20 ho latela khopolo e sebetsang ka thata le ho atamela ketsahalo ea' mino historing. Erpf o ile a boela a fana ka maikutlo a "consonance-center" (Klangzentrum), kapa "setsi sa molumo" (mohlala, papali ea Schoenberg's op. 19 No 6), e leng ea bohlokoa bakeng sa khopolo ea molumo o mocha; T. e nang le setsi se joalo ka linako tse ling e boetse e bitsoa Kerntonalität (“core-T.”). Webern (ch. arr. ho ea ka pono ea classic t.) e khetholla tsoelo-pele ea ’mino “ka mor’a oa classic” e le “timetso ea t.” ( Webern A., Lectures on Music, leqepheng la 44); moko wa T. o ne a ikemiseditse ho latela mohlala. tsela: "ho itšetleha ka lentsoe le ka sehloohong", "mokhoa oa ho bōpa", "mokhoa oa puisano" (ibid., leq. 51). T. e ile ea senngoa ke "bifurcation" ea diatonic. mehato (leq. 53, 66), “katoloso ea matlotlo a utloahalang” (leq. 50), ho ata ha ho hlaka ha molumo oa lentsoe, ho nyamela ha tlhoko ea ho khutlela ho sehlooho. segalo, tshekamelo ya go se boeletse medumo (letl. 55, 74-75), go bopa ntle le mokgwa wa classic. maele T. (maq. 71-74). P. Hindemith (1937) o haha ​​khopolo e qaqileng ea T. e ncha, e thehiloeng ho mehato e 12 ("letoto la I", mohlala, tsamaisong.

monyetla oa ho ba le dissonance efe kapa efe ho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tsona. Sistimi ea boleng ba Hindemith bakeng sa likarolo tsa T. e fapane haholo. Ho ea ka Hindemith, 'mino oohle ke tonal; ho qoba puisano ea molumo ho thata joalo ka matla a khoheli a lefats'e. HAEBA maikutlo a Stravinsky ka tonality ke a ikhethang. A nahanne ka tumellano ea tonal (ka kutloisiso e moqotetsane), o ile a ngola: “Harmony … e ne e e-na le histori e khanyang empa e khutšoanyane” (“Dialogues”, 1971, p. 237); "Ha re sa le ka har'a moralo oa T. ea khale ka kutloisiso ea sekolo" ("Musikalische Poetik", 1949, S. 26). Stravinsky o khomarela "T" e ncha. ('mino oa "non-tonal" ke tonal, "empa eseng tsamaisong ea molumo oa lekholong la bo18 la lilemo"; "Dialogues", leq. 245) ho e 'ngoe ea mefuta ea eona, eo a e bitsang "polarity ea molumo, nako, esita le. molumo o rarahaneng”; “theko ea molumo (kapa molumo-“tonale”) ke … motheo oa sehlooho oa ’mino,” T. ke “mokhoa oa ho tsamaisa ’mino ho latela lipalo tsena.” Lentsoe "pole", leha ho le joalo, ha lea nepahala, kaha le boetse le bolela "pola e fapaneng", eo Stravinsky a neng a sa e bolele. J. Rufer, e thehiloeng maikutlong a sekolo sa New Viennese, o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea lentsoe "molumo o mocha", a nka hore ke mojari oa lihlopha tsa 12-tone. Tlhaloso ea X. Lang "History of the concept and term "tonality" ("Begriffsgeschichte des Terminus "Tonalität", 1956) e na le tlhahisoleseding ea motheo mabapi le histori ea Tonalism.

Naheng ea Russia, khopolo ea molumo oa lentsoe e ile ea hlahisoa qalong mabapi le mantsoe “tone” (VF Odoevsky, Lengolo le Eang ho Mohatisi, 1863; GA Laroche, Glinka le Bohlokoa ba Eona Historing ea ’Mino, Bulletin ea Russia, 1867-68; PI Tchaikovsky , "Tataiso ea thuto e sebetsang ea kutloano", 1872), "system" (Tonart ea Jeremane, e fetoletsoeng ke AS Famintsyn "Textbook of harmony" ke EF Richter, 1868; HA Rimsky -Korsakov, "Textbook of Harmony", 1884-85 ), “mode” (Odoevsky, ibid; Tchaikovsky, ibid), “view” (ho tsoa ho Ton-art, e fetoletsoeng ke Famintsyn oa AB Marx’s Universal Textbook of Music, 1872). “Short Handbook of Harmony” ea Tchaikovsky (1875) e sebelisa lentsoe “T” haholo. (ka linako tse ling hape ho Tataiso ea Thuto ea Sebetsa ea Kutloano). SI Taneyev o ile a fana ka khopolo ea "ho kopanya tonality" (bona mosebetsi oa hae: "Analysis of modulation plans ...", 1927; mohlala, tatellano ea liphapang ho G-dur, A-dur e hlahisa khopolo ea T. D. -dur, ho ba kopanya , hape ho theha khoheli ea molumo ho eona). Joaloka linaheng tsa Bophirimela, Russia, liketsahalo tse ncha tabeng ea tonality qalong li ile tsa nkoa e le ho ba sieo ha “tonal bonngoe” (Laroche, ibid.) kapa tonality (Taneyev, Lengolo le eang ho Tchaikovsky la August 6, 1880), ka lebaka leo. "ka ntle ho meeli ea tsamaiso" ( Rimsky-Korsakov, ibid.). Liketsahalo tse 'maloa tse amanang le molumo o mocha (ntle le lentsoe lena) li hlalositsoe ke Yavorsky (mokhoa oa 12-semitone, tonic ea dissonant le e qhalakantsoeng, bongata ba mekhoa ea modal ka molumo,' me boholo ba mekhoa e ka ntle ho tse kholo le tse nyenyane. ); tlas'a tšusumetso ea Yavorsky Serussia. theoretical musicology e ile ea batla ho fumana mekhoa e mecha (mehaho e mecha ea bophahamo bo phahameng), mohlala. tlhahiso ea Scriabin ea nako ea morao-rao ea popo (BL Yavorsky, "Sebopeho sa puo ea 'mino", 1908; "Mehopolo e fokolang mabapi le sehopotso sa Liszt", 1911; Protopopov SV, "Lintlha tsa sebopeho sa puo ea' mino" , 1930) leha e le ba Impressionists, - o ngotse BV Asafiev, - ha aa ka a feta meeli ea tsamaiso ea tonal harmonic "(" Musical Form as a Process ", M., 1963, p. 99). GL Catuar (e latelang PO Gewart) e hlahisitse mefuta ea seo ho thoeng ke. e atolositsoeng T. (tse kholo-tse nyane le litsamaiso tsa chromatic). BV Asafiev o fane ka tlhahlobo ea liketsahalo tsa molumo (mesebetsi ea molumo, D, le S, sebopeho sa "mokhoa oa Europe," molumo oa selelekela, le tlhaloso ea setaele ea likarolo tsa molumo) ho tsoa ponong ea khopolo ea mantsoe. . Yu. Nts'etsopele ea N. Tyulin ea mohopolo oa mefuta-futa e ile ea tlatselletsa haholo khopolo ea mesebetsi ea molumo. Litsebi tse 'maloa tsa 'mino oa liphooko (MM Skorik, SM Slonimsky, ME Tarakanov, HP Tiftikidi, LA Karklinsh, joalo-joalo) lilemong tsa bo-60-70. e ithutile ka botlalo sebopeho sa mehleng ea kajeno. 12-step (chromatic) tonalality. Tarakanov o ntlafalitse mohopolo oa "T e ncha" ka ho khetheha (bona sengoloa sa hae: "Tonality e ncha 'minong oa lekholong la 1972th", XNUMX).

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Yu. N. Kholopov