Degree |
Jeremane Stufe, Tonstufe, Klangstufe; lengolo la Senyesemane; French degree; itale. grado; degree tse ling tsa Serussia
Sebaka sa molumo (molumo) e le sehokelo tsamaisong ea sekala (gamma, tuning, mode, tonality), hammoho le molumo o joalo ka boeona.
Tlhaloso ea "S". e amahanngoa le mohopolo oa "lere" (Setaliana scala, Leiter ea Jeremane, Tonleiter), motsamao oo o nkuoang e le mohato o fetang, ke hore, phetoho ea tšohanyetso ho tloha boleng bo bong (ho tloha nthong e 'ngoe) ho ea ho e' ngoe ( mohlala, c – d, d – e, e – f). S.'s shifts ke e 'ngoe ea lipontšo tsa motsamao, nts'etsopele, ka sebopeho sa molumo. Beha S. tsa k.-l. tsamaiso, e fana ka maikutlo a ho hlophiseha ha liphetoho ho tloha ho S. ho ea ho e 'ngoe; ho sena ho na le ho tšoana ho itseng pakeng tsa likhopolo tsa S. le mosebetsi oa tonal. Ka har'a harmonic. tonality ho ea ka phapang pakeng tsa DOS tse peli. mefuta ea mokhatlo oa bophahamo ba molumo - hlooho e le 'ngoe. le poligone. - tlas'a lentsoe "S". ha e bolele feela molumo o arohaneng oa sekala, empa hape o hahiloe holim'a eona joalo ka ka sehloohong. chord tone (ba re, mohlala, mabapi le ho bua ka tatellano ea mehato: V - VI). Ho khetha S. ea hore le mefuta e meng, G. Schenker ho ea setso. litlhaloso tsa linomoro tsa Seroma li kentse Searabia:
S. chord e akaretsa tse 'maloa. S.-melumo (mohlala, V9 chord e kenyelletsa 5, 7, 2, 4, 6, 'me phetoho ea ho tloha "mohato o mong oa molumo" ho ea ho o mong ka har'a "phihlello ea chord" ha e nkoe e le phetoho mosebetsing oa eona ka kakaretso, kaha e tloaelehile ho "mehato e utloahalang" ea eona kaofela). Ka har'a harmonic. tonality S. - setsi sa sebaka (micromode; mohlala, ho V C. 1 e hula ho 7 ho sa tsotellehe matla a khoheli a maholo), e ka tlaase ho kakaretso (S. e le sublad). E 'ngoe ea mekhoa e atileng haholo ea ho supa li-chords e amahanngoa le mohopolo oa "S.-chord", eo moelelo oa eona e leng sesupo sa palo ea kutloano lethathamong la sekala (notation e sebetsang, ho fapana le notation ea mohato, e khethollang moelelo oa lets'oao ho logic ea mokhoa oa haronic). 'Mino oa Europe oa 17th-19th century, e thehiloeng ho 12-step acoustic. tsamaiso, e laola diatonic. motheong oa eona (bona Diatonic), mekhoa e meholo le e nyane, eo, leha ho le joalo, e lumelletseng chromatism. "Mehato ea molumo" ea 12 e ka khonehang ka har'a mekhoa ena e ne e arotsoe ka mokhoa o sebetsang ho tse 7 tse ka sehloohong (ka C-dur li lumellana le linotlolo tse tšoeu tsa php.) le li-derivatives tse 5 (tse fetotsoeng; li lumellana le linotlolo tse ntšo); phetoho e joalo. chromaticity ke ketsahalo ea bobeli ho diatonic. motheo (F. Chopin, Etude a-moll op. 25 No 11), 'me ho ea ka molao-motheo o ka sehloohong oa sebopeho, li-frets li lokela ho nkoa e le 7-mohato. 'Minong oa lekholong la bo20 la lilemo hammoho le mohato oa 7, mohato oa 12 o boetse o sebelisoa ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng (chromaticism ea tlhaho le mefuta e meng ea eona, mohlala, ho A. Webern's Bagatelles, op. 9, trio ea piano ka EV Denisov). Ho phaella ho litsamaiso tsa mehato ea 7 le 12, ho na le tse ling tse nang le palo e nyenyane ea C. (mohlala, pentatonic) le e kholoanyane (microchromatic ho tloha 24, 36 C.; mona letoto la mehato e 12 le ka sebetsa. joalo ka eona e ka sehloohong).
Hoa hlokahala ho khetholla pakeng tsa likhopolo: S. le moelelo o itseng oa molumo (chord). Kahoo, tsamaisong ea chromatic C (dur) hoa khoneha ho sebelisa melumo ces-heses-as 'me, ka lehlakoreng le leng, eis-fis-gis-ais, leha ho le joalo, litekanyetso tsena tse khethehileng tsa molumo ha li lebise ho ho feta palo ea sebele ea "mehato ea molumo" ea chromatic ea 12-tone. gamma.
References: Avraamov A., Ka boraro-bo-bong ba tekanyo ea 2 ea sehlooho se seholo, "Music", 1915, No 205, 213; Glinsky M., Lipontšo tsa Chromatic mino oa nakong e tlang, "RMG", 1915, No 49; Gorkovenko A., Khopolo ea mohato le bothata ba tsamaiso, "SM", 1969, No 8; Albersheim G., Die Tonstufe, "Mf", 1963, Jahrg. 16, H. 2. Bona le ho khantša. ho Art. Harmony, Mokhoa, Senotlolo, Sistimi ea molumo, Diatonic, Chromatic, Microchromatic, Pentatonic, Scale, Temperament.
Yu. N. Kholopov
