Giovanni Battista Pergolesi |

Giovanni Battista Pergolesi

Pergoles. "Maid-Maid". A Serpina penserete (M. Bonifaccio)

Moqapi oa opera oa Italy ea bitsoang J. Pergolesi o ile a kena historing ea 'mino e le e mong oa baqapi ba mofuta oa opera oa buffa. Tšimolohong ea eona, e amanang le litloaelo tsa metlae ea setso ea limaske (dell'arte), opera buffa e kentse letsoho ho thehoeng ha melao-motheo ea lefatše, ea demokrasi lebaleng la 'mino la lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo; o ntlafalitse pokello ea litšoantšiso tsa opera ka mantsoe a macha, mefuta, mekhoa ea sethala. Mekhoa ea mofuta o mocha o hlahisitsoeng mosebetsing oa Pergolesi o senotse ho fetoha ha maemo, bokhoni ba ho nchafatsoa le ho etsa liphetoho tse fapaneng. Tsoelo-pele ea histori ea onepa-buffa e etella pele mehlaleng ea pele ea Pergolesi ("The Servant-Mistress") - ho WA ​​Mozart ("The Marriage of Figaro") le G. Rossini ("The Barber of Seville") le ho feta ho fihlela lekholong la boXNUMX la lilemo ("Falstaff" ea J. Verdi, "Mavra" ea I. Stravinsky, moqapi o sebelisitse lihlooho tsa Pergolesi ka ballet "Pulcinella", "The Love for Three Oranges" ea S. Prokofiev).

Bophelo bohle ba Pergolesi bo ile ba qeta Naples, e tummeng ka sekolo sa eona se tummeng sa opera. Ha a le moo o ile a fumana lengolo la Conservatory (har'a matichere a hae e ne e le baqapi ba tummeng ba opera - F. Durante, G. Greco, F. Feo). Lebaleng la Neapolitan la San Bartolomeo, opera ea pele ea Pergolesi, Salustia (1731), e ile ea bapaloa, 'me selemo hamorao, papali ea nalane ea opera The Proud Prisoner e ile ea etsahala lebaleng lona leo. Leha ho le joalo, e ne e se ts'ebetso e kholo e ileng ea khahla sechaba, empa liphatlalatso tse peli tsa metlae, tseo Pergolesi, ho latela moetlo o neng o entsoe liholong tsa boithabiso tsa Italy, a li behileng lipakeng tsa liketso tsa opera seria. Haufinyane, a khothatsoa ke katleho, moqapi o ile a bokella ho tloha ho tsena ho kopana le opera e ikemetseng - "The Servant-Mistress". Ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e le ncha ts'ebetsong ena - morero o bonolo oa letsatsi le letsatsi (mohlanka ea bohlale le ea masene Serpina o nyala mong'a hae Uberto 'me e e-ba mofumahali ka boeena), litšobotsi tsa' mino tse bohlale tsa batho bao ho buuoang ka bona, li-ensembles tse monate, tse sebetsang hantle, pina le polokelo ea lipina tsa lipina. Lebelo le potlakileng la ketso ea sethala le ne le hloka tsebo e kholo ea botšoantšisi ho tsoa ho libapali.

E 'ngoe ea lipina tsa pele tsa buffa, tse ileng tsa tuma haholo Italy, The Maid-Madame e kentse letsoho katlehong ea opera ea metlae linaheng tse ling. Katleho ea tlhōlo e ile ea tsamaea le lihlahisoa tsa hae Paris lehlabuleng la 1752. Leeto la sehlopha sa "Buffons" la Mataliana e ile ea e-ba monyetla oa puisano e matla ka ho fetisisa ea opereishene (e bitsoang "War of the Buffons"), moo balateli ba mofuta o mocha o ile a qabana (har'a bona ho ne ho e-na le li-encyclopedist - Diderot, Rousseau, Grimm le ba bang) le balateli ba opera ea lekhotla la Fora (tlokotsi ea lipina). Le hoja, ka taelo ea morena, "li-buffons" kapele li ile tsa lelekoa Paris, litakatso ha lia ka tsa kokobela ka nako e telele. Boemong ba likhohlano mabapi le mekhoa ea ho ntlafatsa lebala la 'mino, ho ile ha hlaha mofuta oa li-comic opera tsa Fora. E 'ngoe ea tsa pele - "Moloi oa Motse" ke mongoli le rafilosofi oa Lefora Rousseau - o ile a etsa tlhōlisano e loketseng ho "Maid-Mistress".

Pergolesi, ea phetseng lilemo tse 26 feela, o siile lefa le ruileng, le tsotehang ka bohlokoa ba eona ba boqapi. Mongoli ea tummeng oa buffa operas (ntle le The Servant-Mistress - The Monk in Love, Flaminio, joalo-joalo), o ile a boela a sebetsa ka katleho mefuteng e meng: o ngotse li-seria operas, 'mino o halalelang oa choral (masses, cantatas, oratorios) , mesebetsi (trio sonatas, overtures, concertos). Nakoana pele ho lefu la hae, cantata "Stabat Mater" e ile ea bōptjoa - e 'ngoe ea mesebetsi e bululetsoeng ka ho fetisisa ea moqapi, e ngotsoeng bakeng sa sehlopha se senyenyane sa kamore (soprano, alto, quartet ea likhoele le setho), e tletseng lipina tse monate, tse tšepahalang le tse phunyeletsang. maikutlo.

Mesebetsi ea Pergolesi, e bōpiloeng hoo e ka bang lilemo tse 3 tse fetileng, e na le maikutlo a monate a bocha, ho buleha ha mantsoe, maikutlo a hohelang, a sa arohaneng le khopolo ea sebopeho sa naha, moea oa bonono ba Italy. B. Asafiev o ile a ngola ka Pergolesi: “’Minong oa hae, hammoho le lerato le hapang tlhokomelo le botahoa, ho na le maqephe a nang le bophelo bo botle, bo matla ba bophelo le lero la lefatše, ’me haufi le tsona ho na le likarolo. moo cheseho, bolotsana, metlae le thabo e ke keng ea hanyetsoa ea ho se tsotelle li busang habonolo le ka bolokolohi, joalo ka mehleng ea mekete ea boithabiso.

I. Okhalova

Liqapi:

opereishene - letoto la li-opera tse fetang 10, ho kenyeletsoa The Proud Captive (Il prigionier superbo, e nang le lipuisano tsa The Maid-Mistress, La serva padrona, 1733, San Bartolomeo Theatre, Naples), Olympiad (L'Olimpiade, 1735, ” Theatre Tordinona, Roma), buffa operas, ho akarelletsa le The Monk in Love (Lo frate 'nnamorato, 1732, Fiorentini Theater, Naples), Flaminio (Il Flaminio, 1735, ibid.); lipuo-puo, cantatas, bongata le mesebetsi e meng e halalelang, ho kenyelletsa Stabat Mater, concertos, trio sonatas, arias, duets.