Sistimi ea molumo |

Greek sustnma, Sejeremane. Tonsystem

Bophahamo (khabahalo) mokgatlo wa mmino. melumo e thehiloeng ho c.-l. molao-motheo o le mong. Ka pelong ea Z. ka. kamehla ho na le letoto la lithane tse karohano tse hlakileng, tse ka lekanngoang. Lentsoe "Z. With." e sebelisoa ka boleng bo fapaneng:

1) sebopeho sa molumo, ke hore, kakaretso ea melumo e sebelisoang ka nako e itseng (hangata ka har'a octave, mohlala, melumo e mehlano, melumo e leshome le metso e 'meli);

2) tlhophiso e tobileng ea likarolo tsa tsamaiso (tsamaiso ea molumo e le sekala; tsamaiso ea molumo e le motsoako oa lihlopha tsa molumo, mohlala, li-chords tsamaisong ea tonal ea tse kholo le tse nyenyane);

3) tsamaiso ea likamano tsa boleng, semantic, mesebetsi ea melumo, e thehiloeng motheong oa molao-motheo o itseng oa kamano pakeng tsa bona (mohlala, moelelo oa melumo ka mekhoa ea melodic, harmonic tonality);

4) haha, lipalo. polelo ea likamano lipakeng tsa melumo (tsamaiso ea Pythagorean, tsamaiso e lekanang ea temperament).

Ka sehloohong moelelo oa khopolo ea Z. ka. e amanang le tlhamo ya modumo le sebopeho sa yona. Z. s. e bonahatsa tekanyo ea tsoelo-pele, e utloahalang. kamano le tlhophiso ya mesupo. monahano le nalane e iphetola le eona. The evolution of Z. with., in real history. Ts'ebetso, e etsoang ka mokhoa o rarahaneng le e tletseng likhanyetsano tsa ka hare, ka kakaretso e lebisa ho ntlafatso ea phapang ea molumo, ho eketseha ha palo ea lithane tse kenyelletsoeng tsamaisong, ho matlafatsa le ho nolofatsa likamano pakeng tsa bona, ho theha mokhoa o rarahaneng. lekala la maemo a maqhama a maqhama a thehilweng hodima leloko la modumo.

Logic scheme of development Z. with. hoo e ka bang feela e lumellana le histori ea konkreite. mokgoa wa sebopeho sa ona. Z. s. ka kutloisiso ea eona liphatsa tsa lefutso li tla pele ho ho benya ha khale, ho se nang melumo e fapaneng, eo melumo ea litšupiso e qalang ho hlahella ho eona.

Pina ea morabe oa Kubu (Sumatra) ke pina ea lerato ea mohlankana. Ho ea ka E. Hornbostel.

Mofuta o tlase oa Z. s o e nkelang sebaka. e emela ho bina ha lentsoe le le leng la litšupiso, e emeng (), e bapileng () ka holimo kapa ka tlaase.

Metlae ea batho ba Russia

Kolyadnaya

Molumo o haufi o ka 'na oa se ke oa tsitsisoa ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng bophahamong bo itseng kapa ho ba bolelele ba hoo e ka bang.

Khōlo e tsoelang pele ea tsamaiso e etsa qeto ea hore na ho na le monyetla oa ho tsamaea ka mehato, cantilena ea mololi (tlas'a maemo a tsamaiso ea mehato e mehlano, e supileng kapa sebopeho se fapaneng sa tekanyo) 'me e tiisa hore ho na le momahano oa kakaretso ka lebaka la ho itšetleha ka melumo. likamanong tsa kamano e phahameng ka ho fetisisa le e mong. Ka hona, mohato o latelang oa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ho nts'etsopele ea Z. s. - "mehla ea quart", ho tlatsa lekhalo pakeng tsa melumo ea "consonance ea pele" (quart e fetoha molumo o hole haholo le molumo oa moelelo oa pele mme o lumellana hantle le ona; joalo ka sephetho, e fumana molemo ho feta tse ling, esita le li-consonance tse phethahetseng haholoanyane - octave, ea bohlano) . Ho tlatsa quart ho theha letoto la litsamaiso tsa molumo - li-trichords tse seng tsa semitone le li-tetrachords tse 'maloa tsa meaho e fapaneng:

KHOTSO

TETRAKODI

LULLABY

EPIC KHABANE

Ka nako e ts'oanang, lithane tse haufi le tse fetang lia tsitsisoa 'me li fetoha litšehetso bakeng sa tse ncha tse haufi. Motheong oa tetrachord, li-pentachords, li-hexachords li hlaha:

MASLENICHNA

motjeko o chitja

Ho tloha ho kopanngoa ha li-trichords le li-tetrachords, hammoho le li-pentachords (ka mokhoa o kopantsoeng kapa o arohaneng), litsamaiso tse kopanetsoeng li thehoa tse fapaneng ka palo ea melumo - li-hexachords, li-heptachords, li-octachords, tseo le tsona li kopantsoeng ho rarahaneng le ho feta. , litsamaiso tsa molumo tse nang le likarolo tse ngata. octave le non-octave:

PENTATONICA

LIEKETSENG VESNIA

PLASOVAYA

Znamenny pina

SERASE SEFANEO

BAKENG SA KERESEMESE EA MME OA MOLIMO, PELE E SAENENG

TSAMAISO HEXACHORD

Theoretical generalization ea tloaelo ea ho hlahisa molumo Europe. 'mino oa morao-rao oa Mehla e Bohareng le oa Tsosoloso ("musica ficta"), ha liqeto tsa molumo o felletseng le tatelano ea molumo o felletseng li nkeloa sebaka ke li-halftones (mohlala, sebakeng sa cd ed stroke cis-d joalo-joalo), tse hlahisoang sebopeho sa chromatic-enharmonic. sekala sa mehato e leshome le metso e supileng (ka Prosdochimo de Beldemandis, qetellong ea 14th - mathoasong a lekholo la bo15 la lilemo):

Ntlafatso ea polyphony le sebopeho sa triad ea liluma-'moho e le eona ntho e ka sehloohong ea pina ea molumo. e entse hore ho hlophisoe bocha ka hare ho eona ka ho feletseng - ho hlophisoa ha lithane tsohle tsa tsamaiso ho potoloha consonance ena ea motheo, e sebetsang e le setsi, mosebetsi oa tonic. triads (tonic), 'me ka mokhoa oa litšoantšo tsa eona ho mehato e meng eohle ea diatonic. gamma:

Karolo ea ntlha e hahang Z. s. butle-butle e feta ho tloha ladomelodich. mehlala ho chord-harmonic; ho latela Z. ena ka. e qala ho hlahisoa eseng ka mokhoa oa sekala ("litepisi tsa melumo" - scala, Tonleiter), empa ka mokhoa oa lihlopha tsa molumo tse amanang le ts'ebetso. Hape le methating e meng ea nts'etsopele ea Z. e nang le., mela eohle e meholo ea mefuta ea pejana Z. e nang le. li boetse li teng ho Z. tse tsoetseng pele haholo. matla a lipina. linearity, microsystems ho tloha lentsoeng la moelelo (stave) le tse haufi, ho tlatsa ea bone (le ea bohlano), ho atisoa ha li-tetrachords, joalo-joalo. Complexes ea centralization e le 'ngoe. lihlopha tsa molumo o feletseng-li-chords maemong 'ohle-hammoho le sekala se itseng, li fetoha mofuta o mocha oa molumo oa s-harmonics. tonality (bona ntlha e ka holimo), 'me motsoako oa bona o hlophisitsoeng o etsa "sistimi ea tsamaiso" ea linotlolo tse kholo le tse nyenyane mohatong o mong le o mong oa chromatic. sekala. Kakaretso ea molumo oa sonic oa sistimi e fetela ka ho sa feleng, empa e lekanyetsoa ke menyetla ea temoho ea molumo 'me ke sebaka se tlatsitsoeng ka chromatically ho tloha ho hoo e ka bang A2 ho isa ho c5. Ho thehoa ha tsamaiso e kholo ea tonal lekholong la bo16 la lilemo. e ne e hloka ho nkeloa sebaka ha tsamaiso ea Pythagorean ka karolo ea bohlano e hloekileng (mohlala, f - c - g - d - a - e - h) le bohlano-tertian (eo ho thoeng ke e hloekileng, kapa ea tlhaho, Fogliani - Zarlino system), e sebelisa tse peli tse hahang. karohano - karolo ea bohlano ea 2:3 le karolo e kholo ea boraro 4:5 (mohlala, F – a – C – e – G – h – D; litlhaku tse kholo li bontša prima le karolo ea bohlano ea triad, litlhaku tse nyenyane li bontša karolo ea boraro, ho ea ka M. Hauptmann). Tsoelo-pele ea tsamaiso ea tonal (haholo-holo tloaelo ea ho sebelisa linotlolo tse fapaneng) e ne e hloka hore ho be le tsamaiso e tšoanang ea boikutlo.

Likarolo tsa khokahano lia senyeha. tonality e lebisa ho thehoeng ha maqhama pakeng tsa bona, ho kopana ha bona le ho feta - ho kopanya. Hammoho le ts'ebetso ea k'hamera ea kholo ea intratonal chromaticity (phetoho), ho kopanngoa ha likarolo tse fapaneng tsa tonal ho lebisa 'neteng ea hore ka har'a tonalty e tšoanang nako efe kapa efe, chord efe kapa efe le sekala se seng le se seng se ka khoneha. Ts'ebetso ena e lokiselitse tlhophiso e ncha ea sebopeho sa Z. ka. mosebetsing oa baqapi ba 'maloa ba lekholong la bo20 la lilemo: mekhahlelo eohle ea chromatic. sekala sa bona sea lokolloa, tsamaiso e fetoha tsamaiso ea mehato e 12, moo nako e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e utloisisoang ka ho toba (e seng motheong oa likamano tsa bohlano kapa tsa bohlano tsa tertz); le yuniti ya pele ya sebopeho Z. s. e fetoha semitone (kapa e kholo ea bosupa) - joalo ka karolo ea bohlano le karolo ea boraro e kholo. Sena se etsa hore ho khonehe ho haha ​​​​mekhoa le litsamaiso tsa symmetrical (mohlala, terzochromatic), ho hlaha ha tonal e leshome le metso e 'meli, e bitsoang. "mahala atonality" (sheba 'mino oa Atonal), mokhatlo oa serial (haholo-holo, dodecaphony), joalo-joalo.

Non-European Z. with. (mohlala, linaha tsa Asia, Afrika) ka linako tse ling li theha mefuta e hole le ea Europe. Ka hona, diatonic e tloaelehileng kapa e fokolang ea 'mino oa Maindia e khabisitsoe ka lentsoe la lentsoe. shades, ka khopolo-taba e hlalosoa e le phello ea ho arola octave likarolong tse 22 (mokhoa oa shruti, o boetse o hlalosoa e le kakaretso ea libaka tsohle tse ka khonehang).

'Minong oa Javanese, likhato tse 5 le tse 7 tsa "ho lekana" tsa octave (slendro le pelog) ha li tsamaisane le sekala se tloaelehileng sa anhemitonic pentatonic kapa sekala sa bohlano kapa sa bohlano sa diatonic.

References: Serov AH, pina ea setso sa Serussia e le taba ea saense (lihlooho tse 3), "Sehla sa 'Mino", 1869-70, No 18, 1870-71, No 6 le 13, e hatisitsoeng hape. bukeng ea hae: Selected Articles, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950; Sokalsky PP, Serussia folk music?, Har., 1888, Peter VI, On the comprements, structures and modes in the Greek Greek music, K., 1901 Yavorsky B., The structure of musical speech, vol. 1-3, M., 1908, Tyulin Yu. H., Ho ruta ka kutloano, L., 1937, M, 1966; Kuznetsov KA, Arabic music, in: Essays on the history and theory of music, vol. 2, L., 1940; Ogolevets AS, Selelekela sa monahano oa kajeno oa 'mino, M.-L., 1946; Li-acoustics tsa 'mino. Tot. Mong. HA Garbuzova, M, 1954; Jami A., Treatise on Music. Mong. le litlhaloso tsa VM Belyaev, Tash., 1960; Pereverzev NK, Mathata a lentsoe la 'mino, M., 1966; Meshchaninov P., Phetoho ea lesela la sekontiri (tlhahiso ea sebopeho-acoustic ...), M., 1970 (mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho); Kotlyarevsky I., Diatonics le chromatics e le sehlopha sa menahano ea 'mino, Kipv, 1971; Fortlage K., Das musikalische System der Griechen in seiner Urgestalt, Lpz., 1847, Riemann H., Katechismus der Musikgeschichte, Tl 1, Lpz., 1888, Rus. ka. - Katekisima ea nalane ea 'mino, karolo ea 1, M., 1896), ea hae, Das chromatische Tonsystem, bukeng ea hae: Preludien und Studien, Bd I, Lpz., 1895.

Yu. H. Kholopov