Paleography ea 'mino |

Paleography ea 'mino (ho tsoa ho palaios ea Segerike - ea khale, ea khale le ea grapo - kea ngola) - sebaka sa 'mino oa' mino oa uXNUMXbuXNUMXbhistori, 'mino o ikhethang oa nalane. taeo. O ithuta mekhoa ea khale ea ho rekota 'mino, mekhoa ea ho iphetola ha lintho tsa muses. matšoao, ho fetoloa ha litšoantšo tsa bona. mefuta, hammoho le liemahale tsa muses. ho ngola (ch. arr. libuka tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho bakeng sa merero ea borapeli) ho ea ka tsamaiso ea 'mino, nako le sebaka sa pōpo, bongoli. Boemo ba P.m. e kenyelletsa ho ithuta ka li-watermark tsa pampiri (li-filigrees), thepa le sebopeho sa 'mino. libuka tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Mekhoa ea kajeno ea lipatlisiso P. m. e boetse e etsa source-vedch. mesebetsi: boitsebahatso, tlhaloso le tsamaiso ea muses e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. liemahale, tlhaloso ea kamano ea mofuta oa bona, thuto ea ho iphetola ha mefuta ka boeona, joalo-joalo P. m. e ithuta mekhoa e fapaneng ea li-muses. litlaleho: alfabeta, digital, notolinear, ho sebelisa matšoao a khethehileng a tloaelehileng (ekphonetic, neumatic, znamenny, joalo-joalo).

Sepheo sa ho qetela sa 'mino-paleographic. lipatlisiso - ho manolla litsamaiso tse fapaneng tsa muses. ho rekota le ho fetolela mmino. mongolo wa difika tse ngotsweng ka letsoho mehleng ya kajeno. linear notation. Ka hona, ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e sebetsang Mosebetsi oa P. m. ke ntshetsopele ya mahlale a thehiloeng mahlale le mekhoa ea ho bala 'mino. lingoliloeng tsa libuka tsa boholo-holo tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho, tšenolo ea likarolo tsa tšoantšetso tsa mantsoe a li-muses. lipuo tsa linako tse fapaneng. Tabeng ena, P. m. e lekola semantiki tsa muses. mangolo, ho kenyeletsa (ka karolo ea histori) mathata a 'mino oa ho ngolisa. tlhahisoleseding. P. m. e boetse e tobane le mathata a mangata a histori ka kakaretso. le mmino. tatellano - mofuta oa litsamaiso tsa muses. direkoto, karohano ea tsona le tšebelisano-'moho tšebetsong ea ho iphetola ha lintho, mofuta oa phetoho ena, tšebelisano ea mantsoe le li-muses. dingolwa, dikgokahano tsa puo ya botjhaba le dipapiso tsa mengolo. setso sa moetlo o ngoloang le setso, mokhoa oa ho ithuta mengolo e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. liemahale.

Ka ho toba hakae. karolo ea P. m. e kenyelelitsoe historing le philological. paleography, e sebelisa mekhoa ea eona ea ho ithuta boitsebiso bo ngotsoeng ka letsoho. P. m. joalo ka saense. taeo e ile ea thehoa mateanong a histori. musicology, paleography le 'mino. Lithuto tsa mohloli, ka hona, ho mekhoa ea Pm paleographic e kopantsoe, 'mino le tlhahlobo. le mmino-histori. lipatlisiso, tse sebelisitsoeng ka teori. tsoelopele le mekhoa ea lipalo-palo, teori ea tlhahisoleseling, le mahlale a mang le lithuto.

Patlisiso ea 'mino. boitsebiso bo ngotsoeng ka letsoho bo fetisa theknoloji e latelang. mekhahlelo:

1) thuto ea mohloli (boitsebiso ba seemahale, tlhaloso ea eona le lihlopha);

2) paleographic ka kakaretso (thuto ea paleographic ea buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho: likarolo tsa ka ntle, ho ratana, bongoli, ho boloka, mokhoa oa ho ngola oa litemana tsa mantsoe le tsa 'mino, bohetene, joalo-joalo);

3) 'mino-paleographic (likarolo tsa khokahano ea litemana tsa mantsoe le tsa' mino, ho hlophisoa ha sistimi ea lirekoto tsa 'mino, tlhahlobo ea papiso le tsamaiso ea li-graphic complexes le likarolo tsa lirekoto tsa' mino, joalo-joalo). Mmino-paleographic. mokhahlelo oa lipatlisiso o kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea papiso ea histori, 'mino le thuto ea lipalo. le mekhoa e meng, eo selikalikoe sa eona se ntseng se atoloha ha lintho tse bonahalang li ntse li bokellana le nts'etsopele ea P. m. ka boeona e le 'mino-theknoloji. khalemelo.

Liphetho tsa 'mino-paleographic. lithuto li hlaha likhatisong, ho kenyeletsoa likhatiso tsa facsimile tsa muses. liemahale tse nang le lipatlisiso tsa saense le litlhaloso, tseo hangata li nang le ntlafatso ea mokhoa oa ho manolla le ho fetolela 'mino. mongolo ho ya ho mongolo wa mola.

Ka P. M., Serussia se ka khetholloa. chanter paleography, 'mino oa Byzantine (Segerike). paleography, 'mino oa Selatine (Gregorian). paleography, letsoho. paleography ea 'mino le libaka tse ling. Karohano e ipapisitse le litšoantšo, syntactic. le likarolo tse ling tsa 'mino. direkoto libakeng tsa liemahale. E 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea libaka tse ithutoang tsa P. m. e lumellana le selikalikoe sa libuka tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho, e le molao, ka puo e itseng, e nang le puo e itseng. likarolo tsa mekhoa e sebelisoang ea 'mino. litlaleho. Nakong e tlang, ka tsebo e kholo le ho bokella thepa, mefuta e mecha ea P. m e ka 'na ea hlahella.

Joaloka saense e khethehileng, P. m. e ile ea qala ho ba teng lilemong tsa bo-50. Lekholo la bo19 la lilemo Lintho tsa bohlokoahali e ne e le libuka tsa Mafora. rasaense EA Kusmaker, ea thehileng thuto ea Mehla e Bohareng. ho ngola ’mino ka mabaka a tiileng a saense le ho hanyetsa likhopolo tse se nang motheo mabapi le tšimoloho ea Europe Bophirimela. nevm. Ka mor’a moo, X. Riemann, O. Fleischer, P. Wagner o ile a kenya letsoho thutong le ho manollong ha mongolo o qotsitsoeng, ’me hamorao - P. Ferretti, J. Handshin, E. Yammers le ba bang. Ka 1889-1950 Fora, tlas'a bohlophisi ba . A. Mokro (ho tloha ka 1931 - J. Gazhar) o ile a hatisa pokello e pharaletseng ea liemahale tsa mongolo oa dementia ka lipatlisiso tse qaqileng. tlhaloso ("Paleographie musicale" - "Musical paleography", 19 vols.). Litšobotsi tsa Mehla e Bohareng ea Byzantine. litlhaloso li ile tsa qala ho kenyelletsoa haholo mesebetsing ea A. Gastuet le JB Thibaut qalong ea lekholo la bo19 le la bo20 la lilemo; leha ho le joalo, katleho ea makhaola-khang e ile ea finyelloa sebakeng sena lilemong tsa bo-20 le bo-30. ka lebaka la lipatlisiso tsa E. Welles, GJW Tilyard le K. Hög. Ba ile ba khona ho hlalosa ka ho feletseng tlhaloso ea Middle Byzantine, e ileng ea bula tsela ea ho utloisisa liemahale tsa Paleo-Byzantine. Ho tloha ka 1935, letoto la Monumentae musicae byzantinae (Liemahale tsa 'Mino oa Byzantium) le hatisitsoe, le kenyelletsang likhatiso tse fanoeng ke saense le lithuto tse khethehileng. Libukeng tsa morao-rao Libukeng tsa mahlale, mohopolo oa ho tloaeleha ha metheo ea Byzantine o ntse o tsoela pele ho tsebahala. le mongolo oa Europe Bophirima oo eseng oa botlokotsebe le monyetla oa ho theha P. m. e le 'ngoe ea bokahohle, e akaretsang mefuta eohle ea Mehla e Bohareng. ho ngola mmino.

Rus. Paleography ea ho bina e hlahloba liemahale tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho tsa Slavic-Russian tsa 12th - pele. Lekholo la bo18 la lilemo (libuka tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho tse arohaneng - ho fihlela lekholong la 20th): Kondakari, Stihirari, Irmologii, Oktoikhi, joalo-joalo Libukeng tsena tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho, e le molao, ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea ideographic (znamenny) ea muses. litlaleho: kondakar, tšiea, maeto, joalo-joalo Ka nako e ts'oanang, paleography ea ho bina ea Serussia e nka mongolo oa notolinear, o neng o le lekholong la bo17 la lilemo. e khethehileng Russia. likarolo (seo ho thoeng ke banner ea Kiev, eo likarolo tsa eona li e-s'o ithutoe ka botlalo), le li-banner-notolinear tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho tsa con. 17 - kopa. 18th century (bona. Double banner), ho fana ka monyetla oa ho bapisa. tlhahlobo ea litsamaiso tse peli tse fapaneng tsa likhoutu tsa mmino. puo ea lentsoe. Thuto ea ho ngola ea Znamenny e qalile ke VM Undolsky (1846) le IP Sakharov (1849). Mmino-paleographic. lipatlisiso li entsoe ke VF Odoevsky le VV Stasov. Sethala se secha, se faneng ka kakaretso ea bohlokoa ea nalane le saense. tsamaiso ea lintho tse bonahalang e ne e le mesebetsi ea DV Razumovsky. Tlatsetso e kholo ho nts'etsopele ea mathata a Serussia. Paleography ea ho bina e ile ea hlahisoa ke SV Smolensky, VM Metallov, AV Preobrazhensky, 'me hamorao ke VM Belyaev, MV Brazhnikov, ND Uspensky, le ba bang. Brazhnikov o phethile karolo ea bohlokoa ho nts'etsopele ea mahlale. metheo ea Serussia ho bina paleography. O thehile thupelo e khethehileng ea 'mino oa' mino bakeng sa liithuti tsa 'mino, tseo a li rutileng Leningrad Conservatory ho tloha 1969 ho fihlela qetellong ea bophelo ba hae (1973). O ile a qapa eona khopolo ea Serussia. ho bina paleography joalo ka saense. taeo (pele, likarolo tse ngata tsa eona li ne li nkoa ke Russia familyography kapa kereke ea ho epolloa ha lintho tsa khale). Ka sethaleng sa morao-rao sa tsoelo-pele ea saense ena e ile ea e-ba mohloli o nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa, mokhoa oa mekhoa le oa muz.-paleographic. Mathata. Mokhoa oa ho hlalosa libuka tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho tsa ho bina o ntlafalitsoe ka kakaretso (Brazhnikov), empa litaba tsa tsamaiso le ho arola Serussia ha li e-so rarolloe. liemahale tsa 'mino, ho iphetola ha mefuta ea lipina; bothata ba tšimoloho ea Serussia ha bo so rarolloe. tsamaiso ea 'mino. e tlaleha ka bobeli ho tloha lehlakoreng la syntactic le ho tloha lehlakoreng la semantiki. Tse amanang le bothata ba genesis ke mathata a li-coding muses. tlhahisoleseding ho tsamaiso ea znamenny le ho iphetola ha mekhoa ea znamenny ka boeona. E 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa ho iphetola ha lintho e ne e le potso ea histori. periodization ea mongolo oa Znamenny (Brazhnikov e sisintsweng ke nako ea paleographic e thehiloeng ho fetola litšoantšo tsa lifolakha); ho ntse ho ntlafatsoa sehlopha sa litsamaiso tsa znamenny.

E 'ngoe ea mathata a ka sehloohong a paleography ea ho bina ea Serussia - ho hlalosa lengolo la Znamenny la nako e sa tšoauoang (bona Kryuki). Lingoliloeng tsa saense, ho na le mekhoa e 'meli e fapaneng ea ho rarolla bothata bona. E 'ngoe ea tsona ke tsela "ho tloha ho tse tsejoang ho ea ho tse sa tsejoeng", ke hore ho tloha mefuteng ea morao-rao ea hook notation, e nang le boleng bo lekanyelitsoeng ("tšoao" le "signature") ho ea pele ho tse e-s'o ka tsa ngoloa ka botlalo. qaqiloe. Mokhoa ona o ile oa hlahisoa ke Smolensky, hamorao oa sireletsoa ke Metallov, Brazhnikov, le linaheng tse ling ke I. Gardner. Tsela e 'ngoe e lateloang ke bo-rasaense ba bangata ba Bophirimela (M. Velimirovic, O. Strunk, K. Floros, K. Levi) e itšetlehile ka ho bapisa mefuta ea khale ka ho fetisisa ea ho ngola ha Znamenny le Kondakar le Paleo-Byzantine notation. Ha ho le e 'ngoe ea mekhoa ena feela e ka lebisang pheletsong. ho rarolla bothata, le ho fihlela sephetho se setle, se susumetsoang ke mahlale, tšebelisano ea bona ea hlokahala.

Letsoho. paleography ea 'mino e ithuta mekhoa ea khale ea muses. litlaleho tsa liemahale tsa Armenian. litso tsa 'mino tsa 5th-18th century. (ho tloha lekholong la bo8 la lilemo - khaz notation). Lipatlisisong tsa morao-rao, Bangoli ba hlokomela hore tsamaiso e ikemetseng ea notation e thehiloe Armenia, e neng e e-na le nat e itseng. makhabane. Letsoho la kgale. libuka tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho tsa 'mino li bokelloa' me li ithutoa 'Musong. polokelo ea libuka tsa khale tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho tlas'a Lekhotla la Matona a Sesole. SSR (Matenadaran), e leng ea bohlokoa lefatšeng. Har'a mathata a ka sehloohong a letsoho. pale ea ’mino e akarelletsa nako ea libuka tsa pele tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho, genesis of Arm. notation le ho batla prototypes of haz notation, deciphering, ho ithuta likamano tsa Mehla e Bohareng. moprofesa. le Nar. mmino, jj.

Tsoelo-pele ea 'mino-paleographic. mathata a paleography ea 'mino oa Armenia e amahanngoa le mabitso a Gr. Gapasakalyan, E. Tntesyan, Komitas. Ea ho qetela ka lekhetlo la pele e ile ea hlahisa mathata a Genese le ho iphetola ha lintho haz notation, e qalile saense. music-paleographic. ho ithuta ka liemahale tsa Armenian. setso sa mmino; mathata a khopolo-taba a nkoa mesebetsing ea XS Kushnarev, PA Atayan, NK Tagmizyan.

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GA Nikishov