Mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea Polyphonic |

Liphetoho tsa Polyphonic - mofuta oa 'mino o itšetlehileng ka ho pheta-pheta ho pheta-pheta ha sehlooho ka liphetoho tsa tlhaho e khahlanong le molao. AP a. e ka ba 'mino o ikemetseng. tlhahiso. (sehlooho sa to-rogo ka linako tse ling se khetholla sebopeho, mohlala. "Liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa Canonical Pineng ea Keresemese" ka I. C. Bach) kapa karolo ea baesekele e kholo. tlhahiso. (Largo ho tsoa ho fp. quintet g-moll op. 30 Taneyev), sekhetho sa cantata, opera (k'horase "Mofumahali ea Hlollang oa Leholimo" ho tsoa opera "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh le Maiden Fevronia" ke Rimsky-Korsakov); hangata P. a. - karolo ea e kholoanyane, ho kenyeletsa. e seng polyphonic, mefuta (qalo ea karolo e bohareng ea mokhatlo oa 2 oa symphony ea 5 ea Myaskovsky); ka linako tse ling li kenyelelitsoe ho li-non-polyphonic. phapano ea potoloho ("Symphonic etudes" ka Schumann). K P. a. Litšobotsi tsohle tse akaretsang tsa mofuta oa mefuta e fapaneng li sebetsa (ho bōptjoa, karohano ka thata le mahala, joalo-joalo); lentsoe lena le atile. arr. thutong ea 'mino oa liphooko. AP a. e amanang le mohopolo oa polyphony. phapang, e bolelang contrapuntal. ntlafatso ea sehlooho, karolo ea sebopeho, karolo ea potoloho (mohlala, tšimoloho ea tlhahiso, mekoallo 1-26, le reprise, mekoallo 101-126, mokhatlong oa bobeli oa symphony ea pele ea Beethoven; chimes II ka makhetlo a mabeli ho Bach's. English Suite No 2; "Chromatic Invention" No. 145 ho tloha "Microcosmos" ea Bartok); phapang ea polyphonic ke motheo oa mefuta e tsoakaneng (mohlala, P. lekholong la lilemo la, fugue le likarolo tse tharo sebopeho aria No 3 ho tloha Bach's cantata No 170). Main e bolela polyphonic. mefuta e fapaneng: kenyelletso ea mantsoe a contrapuntal (a maemo a fapaneng a boikemelo), ho kenyeletsa. e emelang melodic-rhythmic. dikgetho tsa motheo. Lihlooho; ts'ebeliso ea kholo, phetoho ea sehlooho, joalo-joalo; polyphonization ea tlhahiso ea chord le melodicization ea lipalo tse tsamaeang le tsona, ho li fa sebopeho sa ostinato, ts'ebeliso ea lipapiso, li-canon, fugues le mefuta ea tsona; tshebediso ya counterpoint e rarahaneng; ka polyphony ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo. - li-aleatorics, liphetoho tsa letoto la li-dodecaphone, joalo-joalo. Ho P. a. (kapa ka bophara - ka polyphonic. ho fapana), mohopolo oa sebopeho o fanoa ka mekhoa e ikhethileng, eo ho bohlokoa haholo ho boloka e 'ngoe ea lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa sehlooho li sa fetohe (bap., mohlala, tlhahiso ea pele ho mekoallo 1-3 le mefuta e fapaneng ea polyphonic. ka mekoallong 37-39 ea minuet ea g-moll symphony Mozart); e 'ngoe ea mekhoa ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea ho bōpa ke ostinato, e leng tlhaho ho metric. tiisetso le kutloano. botsitso; bonngoe ba mofuta oa P. a. hangata e khethoa ke ho khutlela kamehla ho c.-l. mofuta oa tlhahiso ea polyphonic (mohlala, ho canon), complication butle-butle ea thekenoloji, keketseho ea palo ea mantsoe, joalo-joalo. Bakeng sa P. a. ho phethoa ho tloaelehile, ho rye kakaretso e utloahala e le polyphonic. likarolo le ho akaretsa mekhoa e sebelisitsoeng; ho ka ba thata ho e thibela. motsoako (mohlala ho Bach's Goldberg Variations, BWV 988), canon (Largo ho tsoa ho symphony ea bo-8, selelekela sa gis-moll op. 87 No 12 Shostakovich); pl. mefuta e fapaneng ea lipotoloho (ho kenyeletsoa le non-polyphonic, eo, leha ho le joalo, karolo e hlahelletseng e bapaloang ke polyphonic. ntshetsopele mekhoa) qetella ka fugue-phapano, mohlala. ho op. AP LE. Tchaikovsky, M. Regera, B. Britten le ba bang. Hobane polyphonic mokhoa ona hangata o amahanngoa le nehelano ea li-homophonic (mohlala, ho fetisa pina ea thoriso ho tloha lentsoeng le holimo ho ea ho bass, joalo ka ka counterpoint e tsamaeang hantle), le ho P. a. Ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea homophonic ea ho fapana, meeli lipakeng tsa polyphonic. le e seng polyphonic. mefuta e fapaneng e amana. AP a. li arotsoe ka ostinato (ho kenyeletsoa le maemo ao sehlooho se iphetang se fetohang, mohlala fp. "Basso ostinato" Shchedrin) le neostinato. E tloaelehileng haholo P. a. ka li-bass tse manganga. Molumo o pheta-phetoang o ka bolokoa ka lentsoe leha e le lefe (mohlala, litsebi tsa setaele se thata hangata li beha cantus firmus ho tenor (2)) ebe li fetisoa ho tloha lentsoeng le leng ho ea ho le leng (mohlala, ho trio "U se ke ua bipetsa, moratuoa" ho tsoa ho opera ea Glinka "Ivan Susanin" ); tlhaloso e akaretsang ea linyeoe tsena ke P. a. ho pina e tsitsitseng. Hangata mefuta e sa tloaelehang le ea neostinate e phela hammoho, ha ho na moeli o hlakileng pakeng tsa tsona. AP a. tsoa ho Nar. mekhoa ea leqhoa, moo mololi o nang le pheta-pheto ea couplet o amohelang polyphonic e fapaneng. mokgabiso. Mehlala ea pele ea P. a. ho moprofesa. 'mino ke oa mofuta oa ostinato. Mohlala o ikhethang ke motet oa lekholong la bo13 la lilemo. mofuta oa galliard (bona ho Art. Polyphony), e thehiloeng holim'a mela e 3 ea bass ea pina ea Gregorian. Mefuta e joalo e ne e atile (motets “Speravi”, “Trop plus est bele – Biauté paree – je ne sui mie” ka G. de Machot). Li-masters tsa setaele se thata tse sebelisoang ho P. a. tla hlalosa. mekhoa ea polyphonic. leleme, joalo-joalo. mokhoa oa melodic. liphetoho. Типичен мотет «La mi la sol» X. Izaka: cantus firmus e phetoa ka tenor makhetlo a 5 ka morethetho o fokotsehang ka geometric. tsoelo-pele (ho ts'oaroa ka mor'a nako ka nako e khuts'oane habeli), li-counterpoints li hlahisoa ho tsoa ho tse kholo. tema phokotsong (sheba mohlala o ka tlase). Molao-motheo oa P. a. ka linako tse ling e ne e sebetsa e le motheo oa 'Misa - nalaneng ea pele e kholo ea baesekele. mefuta: cantus firmus, e etsoang joalo ka ostinato likarolong tsohle, e ne e le tšiea e tšehetsang potoloho e kholo ea mefuta e fapaneng (mohlala, ka bongata L'homme armé ke Josquin Despres, Palestrina). Sov. bafuputsi V. AT. Protopopov le S. C. Li-scrapers li nkoa e le li-polyphonic. ho fapana (ho ostinato, ho ea ka molao-motheo oa ho mela le strophic. type) motheo oa mefuta ea ho etsisa ea 14th-16th century. (cm. Polyphony). Ka khale P. a. cantus firmus ha ea ka ea etsoa ka thoko pele ho liphapang; Tloaelo ea ho hlalosa sehlooho ka ho khetheha bakeng sa phapano e ne e hlophisitsoe ka lentsoe la lentsoe (bap. Intonation, VI) - ka ho bina poleloana e qalang ea chorale pele ho 'Misa; kamohelo e ile ea lokisoa pele ho lekholo la bo16 la lilemo. ka ho fihla ha passacaglia le chaconne, e ileng ea fetoha mefuta e ka sehloohong ea P.

Khothatso bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea P. lekholong la lilemo. (ho kenyeletsoa neostinata) e ne e le tšebeliso ea liletsa ka menyetla ea eona ea tšoantšetso.

Mofuta o ratwang haholo ke wa dikhwaere, tse bonahatswang ke organ P. v. S. Scheidt on “Warum betrübst du dich, mein Herz”.

Organ P. in. Ya. P. Sweelinka ka "Est-ce Mars" - mekhabiso (sehlooho se nahanoa ka sebopeho se nang le phokotso e tloaelehileng (3)), e thata (mofuta oa sehlooho o bolokiloe), neostinata - ke mefuta e mengata e tummeng ho 16 - lilemo tse makholo a 17. mefuta e fapaneng ya sehlooho sa pina.

Har'a neostinatny P. in. 17th-18th lekholong la lilemo tse rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa ke tse amanang le fugue. Kahoo, ho P. lekholong la lilemo la. tatellano e haufi ya ho pepeseha ha kgahlano, mohlala ho fugues F-dur le g-moll D. Buxtehude.

Sebopeho se thata haholoanyane. G. Frescobaldi: li-fugues tsa pele tsa 2, joale phetoho ea 3rd fugue (ho kopanya lihlooho tsa li-fugues tse fetileng) le phapang ea 4 ea fugue (ka boitsebiso ba 1).

Mmino wa JS Bach – encyclopedia of the art of P. v. Bach e thehile mefuta e fapaneng ya dikhwaere, ho rye ho tse ngata. linyeoe li ntse li atamela ka bolokolohi ka lebaka la ho kenngoa ha ntlafatso pakeng tsa lipolelo tsa chorale. Mofuta o tšoanang o kenyelletsa mokete oa "Canonical Variations on a Christmas Song" (BWV 769) - letoto la li-canon tse nang le mantsoe a mabeli-phapano ho cantus firmus (ka octave, ea bohlano, ea bosupa le octave ka ho hōlisa; li-canon tsa 3 le tsa 4 li na le mahala. mantsoe); phetohong ea ho qetela ea bo-5, chorale ke boitsebiso ba li-canon tse tsamaisoang (ka la botšelela, la boraro, la bobeli, ha ho le le leng) ka mantsoe a mabeli a lokolohileng; meketeng. khota ea mantsoe a tšeletseng e kopanya lipoleloana tsohle tsa chorale. Leruo le khethehileng la ho fapana ha li-polyphonic le khetholla "Goldberg Variations": potoloho e tšoaroa hammoho ka li-bass tse sa tšoaneng le ho khutla - joalo ka ho thibela - ho mokhoa oa canon. Li-canon tse nang le mantsoe a mabeli a nang le lentsoe le lokolohileng li behiloe phetohong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea boraro (ha ho na lentsoe le lokolohileng phapanong ea 27), nako ea li-canon e atoloha ho tloha ho bonngoe ho ea ho e 'ngoe (ho potoloha ka mefuta ea 12 le ea 15); ka mefuta e meng - polyphonic tse ling. mefuta, har'a tsona fughetta (10th variation) le quadlibet (30th variation), moo lihlooho tse 'maloa tsa lipina tsa setso li hanyetsanang ka thabo. Setho sa passa-calla ka c-moll (BWV582) se khetholloa ke matla a ke keng a lekanngoa a tsoelo-pele e tsitsitseng ea sebopeho, e nang le moqhaka oa fugue e le motsoako o phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa semantic. Tšebeliso e ncha ea mohopolo o hahang oa sebopeho sa potoloho motheong oa sehlooho se le seng se tšoaea "Art of the Fugue" le "nyehelo ea 'Mino" ea Bach; e le mahala P. in. li-cantata tse itseng li hahiloe holim'a li-chorales (mohlala, No 4).

Ho tloha mokatong oa bobeli. Phapang ea lekholong la bo2 la lilemo le polyphony li batla li arotsoe: polyphonic. ho fapana ho sebeletsa ho senola sehlooho sa homophonic, se kenyelelitsoe ho classic. sebopeho sa phetoho. Kahoo, L. Beethoven o ile a sebelisa fugue e le e 'ngoe ea liphapang (hangata bakeng sa dynamization, mohlala, ka mefuta e 18 ea op. 33, fugato ho Larghetto ho tloha ho 120th symphony)' me a e tiisa e le qetello ea potoloho ea phapang (mohlala, mefuta e fapaneng Es-dur op .7). Tse 'maloa P. in. potolohong li theha habonolo "mofuta oa moralo oa 35" (mohlala, ho Brahms' "Variations on a Theme of Handel", 2th variation-canon e akaretsa nts'etsopele ea pele mme ka hona e lebelletse fugue ea ho qetela. ). Phello ea bohlokoa historing ea tšebeliso ea polyphonic. mefuta e fapaneng - e tsoakiloeng homophonic-polyphonic. mefuta (sheba Setaele sa mahala). Mehlala ea khale - ho Op. Mozart, Beethoven; ho Op. baqapi ba linako tse latelang - pheletso ea piano. quartet op. 6 Schumann, mokhatlo oa 47 oa symphony ea bo2 ea Glazunov (li-sarabande ka sebopeho li kopantsoe le mefuta e meraro ea metsamao, concentric le sonata), qetello ea symphony ea bo7 ea Myaskovsky (rondo sonata e nang le phapang ea lihlooho tse kholo). Sehlopha se khethehileng se entsoe ka mesebetsi moo P. v. le fugue: Sanctus ho tloha Berlioz's Requiem (kenyelletso le ho khutla ha fugue ka mathata a bohlokoa a polyphonic le orchestral); the exposition and the strettas in the fugue from Glinka's Selelekela ho opera Ivan Susanin li arotsoe ke k'horase e hlahisang boleng ba mefuta e fapaneng ea polyphonic. foromo ea couplet; selelekeleng sa opera Lohengrin, Wagner o tšoantša P. v. matseno a sehlooho le karabo. Ostinatnye P. v. ka mmino 27nd floor. 2th-18th lekholong la lilemo li ne li sebelisoa ka seoelo le ka mokhoa o hlephileng haholo. Beethoven o ne a itšetlehile ka meetlo ea li-chaconne tsa boholo-holo ka mefuta e 19 ea c-moll, ka linako tse ling o ne a hlalosa P. v. ka basso ostinato e le karolo ea mofuta o moholo (mohlala, ka har'a coda e bohloko ea mokhatlo oa 32 oa symphony ea 1); motheo oa qetello e sebete ea symphony ea 9 ke P. v. ka basso ostinato (sehlooho sa pele), se senolang likarolo tsa rondo (pheta ea 3nd, sehlooho se seholo), tripartite (khutliso ea senotlolo se seholo ho fugato ea bobeli. ) le mefuta e tsepamisitsoeng. Moqapi ona o ikhethang o sebelitse e le tataiso bakeng sa I. Brahms (qetellong ea symphony ea bo-2) le li-symphonists tsa lekholong la bo2 la lilemo.

Lekholong la bo19 la lilemo e fetoha polyphonic e atileng. ho feto-fetoha ha mololi o tsitsitseng; hangata ke soprano ostinato - sebopeho, ha se bapisoa le basso ostinato, ha se kopane, empa se na le 'mala o moholo. (mohlala, 2nd variation in the Persian Choir from Glinka's Ruslan and Lyudmila) le tse bonoang (mohlala, likarolo tsa pina ea Varlaam ho tsoa ho Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov) menyetla, kaha ho P. v. on soprano ostinato main. thahasello e shebane le liphetoho tsa polyphonic. (hammoho le kutloano, orc., joalo-joalo) moralo oa lipina. Lihlooho hangata li monate (mohlala, Et incarnatus ho tsoa ho Schubert's Mass Es-dur, tšimoloho ea mokhatlo oa Lacrimosa ho tloha Verdi's Requiem), hape le mehleng ea kajeno. 'mino ("Liturgy tse Nyane tse Tharo" tsa Messiaen). E tšoanang P. in. e kenyelelitsoe ka mokhoa o moholo (mohlala, ho Larghetto ho tloha ho Beethoven's 2th symphony) hangata hammoho le mefuta e meng ea mefuta e fapaneng (mohlala, Glinka's Kamarinskaya, Glazunov's variations in piano op. 7, Reger's Variations and Fugue on the Theme of Mozart ). Glinka e bokella P. lekholong la lilemo. ho pina e tsitsitseng e nang le mofuta oa lipina tsa lipina (mohlala, ntlha e ts'oaroang e otlolohileng ka har'a mefuta e meraro ea "U se ke ua bipetsana, moratuoa" ho tsoa ho opera "Ivan Susanin"; lenaneong la "Ke motsotso o monate hakaakang" oa opera. "Ruslan le Lyudmila" tikoloho ea contrapuntal e kenang rispost joaloka P. v. holim'a propost). Nts'etsopele ea moetlo oa Glinka e lebisitse ho holeng ha sebopeho ka mekhoa e mengata. op. Borodin, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Lyadov, Tchaikovsky le ba bang. E ne e sebelisoa ha ho etsoa li-bunks. lipina tsa AV Alexandrov (mohlala, "Ha ho tsela e le 'ngoe tšimong"), Seukraine. moqapi ND Leontovich (ka mohlala, "Ka lebaka la leralleng le majoe", "Poppy"), Uzbek. moqapi M. Burkhanov ("Thabeng e Phahameng"), moqapi oa Moestonia V. Tormis (liqapi tse sa tšoaneng tsa ostinato tse nang le tšebeliso ea mekhoa ea morao-rao ea harmonic le polyphonic nakong ea "Lipina tsa Letsatsi la St. John") le tse ling tse ngata. ba bang

Lekholong la bo20 la lilemo P.'s value in. (haholo-holo ho basso ostinato) e eketsehile haholo; bokhoni ba ho hlophisa ba ostinato bo fokotsa litšekamelo tse senyang tsa sejoale-joale. kutloano, 'me ka nako e tšoanang basso ostinato, ho lumella leha e le efe contrapuntal. le likarolo tsa polytonal, ha li kena-kenane le harmonic. tokoloho. Ho khutlela mefuteng ea ostinato, aesthetics e phethile karolo. lisebelisoa tsa neoclassicism (mohlala, M. Reger); maemong a mangata a P. - ntho ea setaele (mohlala, sephetho sa ballet "Orpheus" ke Stravinsky). Ho neostinatny P. ea lekholong la lilemo la. mokhoa oa setso oa ho sebelisa mokhoa oa canon o ka lateloa (mohlala, "Free Variations" No. 140 ho tloha "Microcosmos" ea Bartok, qetello ea symphony op ea Webern. 21, "Variazioni polifonici" ho tloha piano sonata ea Shchedrin, "Hymn" bakeng sa cello, harepa le timpani ka Schnittke) . Ho P. ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea polyphony e ncha: lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa dodecaphony, polyphony of layers le polyphonic. aleatoric (ka mohlala, ho sehlopha sa 'mino oa liletsa. V. Lutoslavsky), metrical e rarahaneng. le morethetho. thekniki (mohlala, P. v. ho Messiaen's Four Rhythmic Etudes), joalo-joalo Hangata li kopanngoa le lipuo tse ngata tsa setso. maqheka; tloaelehileng ke tšebeliso ea mekhoa ea setso ka mefuta ea bona e rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa (bona, ka mohlala, contrapuntal mehaho ka 2nd motsamao oa Shchedrin's sonata). Mehleng ea kajeno ho na le mehlala e mengata e hlaheletseng ea ’mino oa classic ’minong; boipiletso ho phihlelo ea Bach le Beethoven e bula tsela ea bonono ea bohlokoa bo phahameng ba filosofi (mosebetsi oa P. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich). Kahoo, qetellong ea Shostakovich morao (op. 134) violin sonata (ostinato habeli pianos, moo counterpoint ka gis-moll na le moelelo oa karolo e lehlakoreng), neano ea Beethoven e ikutloa ka tsamaiso ea muses tebileng. menahano, ka tatellano ea ho eketsa kaofela; sena ke sehlahisoa. - e 'ngoe ea bopaki ba menyetla ea mehleng ea kajeno. Mefuta ea P.

References: Protopopov Vl., Histori ea polyphony liketsahalong tsa eona tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa. Mmino wa classic wa Serussia le wa Soviet, M., 1962; hae, Histori ea polyphony ka liketsahalo tsa eona tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa. Li-classics tsa Europe Bophirimela tsa XVIII-XIX makholong a lilemo, M., 1965; hae, Mekhoa e fapaneng ea mekhoa ea 'mino, M., 1967; Asafiev B., Mofuta oa 'mino e le mokhoa, M., 1930, e tšoanang, buka. 2, M., 1947, (likarolo tse peli) L., 1963, L., 1971; Skrebkov S., Melao-motheo ea bonono ea mekhoa ea 'mino, M., 1973; Zuckerman V., Tlhahlobo ea mesebetsi ea 'mino. Mofuta o fapaneng, M., 1974.

VP Frayonov